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| API (American Petroleum Institute) standards list-page:1Total count:1421recordsPage: |
| API RP 5B1 KAZAKHN/A(R 2010)
Gauging and Inspection of Casing, Tubing, and Line Pipe Threads - Fifth Edition
98pagesAPI STD 673 DATA SHEETN/A
Centrifugal Fans for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas for Industry Services - Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet - Second E (EXCEL 5.0 SPREADSHEETS)1pagesAPI STD 677 DATA SHEETN/A
General-Purpose Gear Units for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas Industry Services C Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet - Third E (EXCEL 5.0 SPREADSHEETS)1pagesAPI STD 547 DATA SHEETN/A
General-purpose Form-wound Squirrel Cage Induction Motors 250 Horsepower and Larger C Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet - First E (EXCEL 5.0 SPREADSHEETS)1pagesAPI STD 681N/A
Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps and Compressors for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services - First Edition80pagesAPI STD 685 DATA SHEETN/A
Sealless Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Heavy Duty Chemical, and Gas Industry Services C Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet - 2nd E (EXCEL 5.0 SPREADSHEETS)1pagesAPI STD 560 DATA SHEETN/A
Fired Heaters for General Refinery Services C Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet - (EXCEL 5.0 SPREADSHEETS)1pagesAPI STD 676 DATA SHEETN/A
Positive Displacement Pumps - Rotary C Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet C C6760D (EXCEL 5.0 SPREADSHEETS) - Third Edition1pagesAPI MPMS SETN/A
Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards0pagesAPI STD 674 DATA SHEETN/A
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS C RECIPROCATING C Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet C C6740D (EXCEL 5.0 SPREADSHEETS) - Third Edition1pagesAPI STD 610 DATA SHEETN/A
Centrifugal Pumps for Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries C Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet C C6100D (EXCEL 5.0 SPREADSHEET) - 11th Edition1pagesAPI RP 687 DATA SHEETN/A
Rotor Repair C Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet C C6870D (EXCEL 5.0 SPREADSHEETS) - First Edition1pagesAPI STD 619 DATA SHEETN/A
Rotary-Type Positive-Displacement Compressors for Petroleum, Petrochemical, and Natural Gas Industries - Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet - Fifth E (EXCEL 5.0 SPREADSHEETS)1pagesAPI STD 616 DATA SHEETN/A
Gas Turbines for the Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services C Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet C C61605 (EXCEL 5.0 SPREADSHEETS) - 5th Edition1pagesAPI STD 617 DATA SHEETN/A
Axial and Centrifugal Compressors and Expander-compressors for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas Industry Services - Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet - Seventh E (EXCEL 5.0 SPREADSHEETS)1pagesAPI STD 613 DATA SHEETN/A
Special Purpose Gear Units for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services - Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet - Fifth E (EXCEL 5.0 SPREADSHEETS)1pagesAPI ICP 653 EXAM PACK
ABOVE GROUND STORAGE TANK INSPECTION CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION - FOR API ICP EXAM ONLY
1438pagesAPI ICP 570 EXAM PACK
AUTHORIZED PIPING INSPECTOR CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION - FOR API ICP EXAM ONLY* VALID FOR FEB, JUNE AND OCTOBER 2015 EXAMS
1768pagesAPI ICP TES EXAM PACK
TES TANK ENTRY SUPERVISOR CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION - FOR API ICP EXAM ONLY
293pagesAPI ICP 510 EXAM PACK
PRESSURE VESSEL INSPECTOR CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION - FOR API ICP EXAM ONLY
1260pagesAPI RP 2D
Operation and Maintenance of Offshore Cranes - SEVENTH EDITION
130pagesAPI SALES OF NGL & LRG
2013 Sales of Natural Gas Liquids and Liquefied Refinery Gases
27pagesAPI STD 673
Centrifugal Fans for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Industry Services - THIRD EDITION
124pagesAPI STD 541
Form-wound Squirrel Cage Induction Motors-375 kW (500 Horsepower) and Larger - FIFTH EDITION
168pagesAPI SPEC 12B
Specification for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids - SIXTEENTH EDITION; Effective MAY 1, 2015
40pagesAPI STD 653
Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction - Fifth Edition
172pagesAPI STD 670
Machinery Protection Systems - FIFTH EDITION
256pagesAPI MONTHLY STAT
Monthly Statistical Report - Volume: 38 Number: 11
7pagesAPI STD 527
Seat Tightness of Pressure Relief Valves - FOURTH EDITION
14pagesAPI RP 2A-WSD
Planning, Designing, and Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms-Working Stress Design - TWENTY-SECOND EDITION
324pagesAPI INVENTORIES OF GAS
INVENTORIES OF NATURAL GAS LIQUIDS AND LIQUIFIED REFINERY GASES
1pagesAPI QUARTERLY WELL
QUARTERLY WELL COMPLETION REPORT - Volume 30 Number 3
70pagesAPI RP 13C
Recommended Practice on Drilling Fluid Processing Systems Evaluation - FIFTH EDITION
70pagesAPI RP 13J
Testing of Heavy Brines - FIFTH EDITION
86pagesAPI RP 756
Management of Hazards Associated with Location of Process Plant Tents - FIRST EDITION
34pagesAPI STD 617
Axial and Centrifugal Compressors and Expander-compressors - Eighth Edition
386pagesAPI TR 756-1
Process Plant Tent Responses to Vapor Cloud Explosions-Results of the American Petroleum Institute Tent Testing Program
616pagesAPI TR 2575
Measurement of Thermally Cracked Gas - FIRST EDITION
26pagesAPI IMPORTS & EXPORTS
Imports and Exports of Crude Oil & Petroleum Products
110pagesAPI RP 651
Cathodic Protection of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tanks - FOURTH EDITION
56pagesAPI RP 2030
Application of Fixed Water Spray Systems for Fire Protection in the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries - FOURTH EDITION
30pagesAPI RP 3000
Classifying and Loading of Crude Oil into Rail Tank Cars - FIRST EDITION(ANSI Approved)
46pagesAPI RP 652
Linings of Aboveground Petroleum Storage Tank Bottoms - FOURTH EDITION
32pagesAPI BASIC PETRO DATA
BASIC PETROLEUM DATA BOOK - Volume 34, Number 2
724pagesAPI STD 612
Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries - Steam Turbines - Special-Purpose Applications - SEVENTH EDITION
156pagesAPI SPEC 6D
Specification for Pipeline and Piping Valves - Twenty-Fourth E Incorporates Errata 1: October 2014, Errata 2: December 2014; Effective August 1, 2015
120pagesAPI RP 5L3
Drop-Weight Tear Tests on Line Pipe - FOURTH EDITION
20pagesAPI RP 17W
Recommended Practice for Subsea Capping Stacks - FIRST EDITION
74pagesAPI BULL 100-3
Community Engagement Guidelines - FIRST EDITION(ANSI Approved)
24pagesAPI RP 2SM
Design, Manufacture, Installation, and Maintenance of Synthetic Fiber Ropes for Offshore Mooring - SECOND EDITION
116pagesAPI STD 17O
Standard for Subsea High Integrity Pressure Protection Systems (HIPPS) - SECOND EDITION
54pagesAPI STD 520 PT I
Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-relieving Devices Part I-Sizing and Selection - NINTH EDITION
154pagesAPI MPMS 2.2G
Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 2.2G Calibration of Upright Cylindrical Tanks Using the Total Station Reference Line Method - FIRST EDITION
24pagesAPI MPMS 17.1
Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 17.1 Guidelines for Marine Inspection - Sixth Edition * Includes Additional Content
57pagesAPI MPMS 17.6
Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 17.6 Guidelines for Determining the Fullness of Pipelines Between Vessels and Shore Tanks - SECOND EDITION
18pagesAPI TR 942-A
Materials, Fabrication, and Repair Considerations for Hydrogen Reformer Furnace Outlet Pigtails and Manifolds - FIRST EDITION
58pagesAPI STD 936
Refractory Installation Quality Control-Inspection and Testing Monolithic Refractory Linings and Materials - FOURTH EDITION
60pagesAPI 510
Pressure Vessel Inspection Code: In-Service Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration - Tenth Edition
80pagesAPI 510 CHINESE
压力容器检验规范: 在用检验、定级、修理和改造 - TENTH EDITION
88pagesAPI STD 663
Hairpin-type Heat Exchangers - FIRST EDITION
54pagesAPI STD 17F
Standard for Subsea Production Control Systems - THIRD EDITION
154pagesAPI RP 17B
Recommended Practice for Flexible Pipe - FIFTH EDITION
278pagesAPI RP 535
Burners for Fired Heaters in General Refinery Services - THIRD EDITION
94pagesAPI RP 583
Corrosion Under Insulation and Fireproofing - FIRST EDITION
98pagesAPI RP 584
Integrity Operating Windows - First Edition
46pagesAPI STD 682
Pumps - Shaft Sealing Systems for Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps - Fourth Edition
268pagesAPI STD 2015
Requirements for Safe Entry and Cleaning of Petroleum Storage Tanks - SEVENTH EDITION
68pagesAPI SPEC 17J
Specification for Unbonded Flexible Pipe - FOURTH EDITION; Effective November 2014(ANSI Approved)
98pagesAPI RP 8B
Recommended Practice for Procedures for Inspections, Maintenance, Repair, and Remanufacture of Hoisting Equipment - EIGHTH EDITION
24pagesAPI RP 1172
Recommended Practice for Construction Parallel to Existing Underground Transmission Pipelines - FIRST EDITION
30pagesAPI RP 13B-2
Recommended Practice for Field Testing Oil-based Drilling Fluids - FIFTH EDITION; ERTA 1: AUGUST 2014
154pagesAPI RP 99
Flash Fire Risk Assessment for the Upstream Oil and Gas Industry - FIRST EDITION
38pagesAPI RP 585
Pressure Equipment Integrity Incident Investigation - FIRST EDITION
50pagesAPI RP 575
Inspection Practices for Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks - THIRD EDITION
106pagesAPI STD 2000
Venting Atmospheric and Low-pressure Storage Tanks - Seventh Edition(DoD Adopted) | (ANSI Approved)
94pagesAPI STD 664 DATA SHEET
Spiral Plate Heat Exhangers - FIRST EDITION * Includes Access to Additional Content
1pagesAPI MPMS 8.4
Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 8.4 Standard Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels for Volatility Measurement - THIRD EDITION
16pagesAPI STD 6X
Design Calculations for Pressure-containing Equipment - FIRST EDITION; ERTA: May 2014
18pagesAPI STD 664
Spiral Plate Heat Exchangers - FIRST EDITION
50pagesAPI STD 6AV2
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair of Surface Safety Valves and Underwater Safety Valves Offshore - First E ERTA 1: August 2014
38pagesAPI RP 591
Process Valve Qualification Procedure - FIFTH EDITION
30pagesAPI STD 624
Type Testing of Rising Stem Valves Equipped with Graphite Packing for Fugitive Emissions - FIRST EDITION
20pagesAPI STD 663 DATA SHEET
Hairpin-Type Heat Exchangers - First E Excel Sheets included
1pagesAPI STD 541 DATA SHEET
Form Wound Squirrel- Cage Induction - Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet - Fifth Edition (EXCEL Spreadsheets)
1pagesAPI STD 670 DATA SHEET
Machinery Protection Systems - Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet - Fifth E (EXCEL SPREADSHEETS)
1pagesAPI STD 617 DATA SHEET
Axial and Centrifugal Compressors and Expander - Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet - Eighth E (EXCEL SPREADSHEETS)
1pagesAPI STD 521
Pressure-relieving and Depressuring Systems - Sixth Edition
260pagesAPI STD 612 DATA SHEET
Petroleum, Petrochemical and Natural Gas Industries - Steam Turbines - Special-Purpose Applications C Mechanical Equipment Data Sheet - Seventh E (EXCEL SPREADSHEETS)
1pagesAPI API CERT 570 ASME
VALID FOR 2014 EXAM * AUTHORIZED PIEPING INSPECTOR CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION *** FOR API ICP EXAM PURPOSES ONLY
1180pagesAPI API CERT 570 API
VALID FOR 2014 EXAM * AUTHORIZED PIPING INSPECTOR CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION ** PROGRAM INCLUDES ALL RELATED API DOCUMENTS, COMPLETE OR PARTON NEEDED FOR CERT PROGRAM***ASME DOCS NOT INCLUDED** FOR API ICP EXAM ONLY
446pagesAPI RP 1161
Recommended Practice for Pipeline Operator Qualification (OQ) - THIRD EDITION
266pagesAPI API CERT 510 ASME
VALID FOR 2014 EXAM * PRESSURE VESSEL INSPECTOR CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION *** FOR API ICP EXAM PURPOSES ONLY
715pagesAPI API CERT 510 API
VALID FOR 2014 EXAM * PRESSURE VESSEL INSPECTOR CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION
545pagesAPI JAS
2012 JOINT ASSOCIATION SURVEY ON DRILLING COSTS
65pagesAPI RP 577
Welding Inspection and Metallurgy - SECOND EDITION
156pagesAPI TR 5TP
Torque-Position Assembly Guidelines for API Casing and Tubing Connections - FIRST EDITION
38pagesAPI BULL 97
Well Construction Interface Document Guidelines - FIRST EDITION
28pagesAPI RP 11G
Recommended Practice for Installation, Maintenance, and Lubrication of Pumping Units - FIFTH EDITION
34pagesAPI SPEC 11E CHINESE
Specification for Pumping Units - NINETEENTH EDITION; Effective Date: May 1, 2014
124pagesAPI MPMS 14.3.3
Orifice Metering of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Fluids-Concentric, Square-edged Orifice Meters Part 3: Natural Gas Applications - FOURTH EDITION(ANSI Approved)
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1.7.1.aL-1Manned-nonevac；Themanned-nonevacuatedca；Themanned-evacuatedcateg；Theunmannedcategoryrefer；Asstatedabove,consequenc；Thehighconsequenceoffail；1.7.2.bL-2MediumConseque；Theme
1.7.1.aL-1 Manned-nonevacuatedThe manned-nonevacuated category refers to a platformthat is continuously occupied by persons accommodated andliving thereon, and personnel evacuation prior to the designenvironmental event is either not intended or impractical.1.7.1.bL-2 Manned-evacuatedThe manned-evacuated category refers to a platform that isnormally manned except during a forecast design environmen-tal event. For categorization purposes, a platform should beclassi?ed as a manned-evacuated platform if, prior to a designenvironmental event, evacuation is planned and suf?cient timeexists to safely evacuate all personnel from the platform.1.7.1.cL-3 UnmannedThe unmanned category refers to a platform that is not nor-mally manned, or a platform that is not classi?ed as eithermanned-nonevacuated or manned-evacuated. Platforms inthis classi?cation may include emergency shelters. However,platforms with permanent quarters are not de?ned asunmanned and should be classi?ed as manned-nonevacuatedor as manned-evacuated as de?ned above. An occasionallymanned platform could be categorized as unmanned in cer-tain conditions (see Commentary C1.7.1c).1.7.2Consequence of FailureAs stated above, consequences of failure should includeconsideration of anticipated losses to the owner, the otheroperators, and the industry in general. The following descrip-tions of relevant factors serve as a basis for determining theappropriate level for consequence of failure.1.7.2.aL-1 High ConsequenceThe high consequence of failure category refers to majorplatforms and/or those platforms that have the potential forwell ?ow of either oil or sour gas in the event of platform fail-ure. In addition, it includes platforms where the shut-in of theoil or sour gas production is not planned, or not practical priorto the occurrence of the design event (such as areas with highseismic activity). Platforms that support major oil transportlines (see Commentary C1.7.2―Pipelines) and/or storagefacilities for intermittent oil shipment are also considered tobe in the high consequence category. All new U.S. Gulf ofMexico platforms which are designed for installation in waterdepths greater than 400 feet are included in this categoryunless a lower consequence of failure can be demonstrated tojustify a reduced classi?cation.1.7.2.bL-2 Medium ConsequenceThe medium consequence of failure category refers to plat-forms where production would be shut-in during the designCopyright American Petroleum Institute event. All wells that could ?ow on their own in the event ofplatform failure must contain fully functional, subsurfacesafety valves, which are manufactured and tested in accor-dance with the applicable API speci?cations. Oil storage islimited to process inventory and “surge” tanks for pipelinetransfer.1.7.2.cL-3 Low ConsequenceThe low consequence of failure category refers to minimalplatforms where production would be shut-in during thedesign event. All wells that could ?ow on their own in theevent of platform failure must contain fully functional, sub-surface safety valves, which are manufactured and tested inaccordance with applicable API speci?cations. These plat-forms may support production departing from the platformand low volume in?eld pipelines. Oil storage is limited to pro-cess inventory. New U.S. Gulf of Mexico platforms in this cat-egory include caissons and small well protectors with no morethan ?ve well completions either located on or connected tothe platform and with no more than two pieces of productionequipment. In addition, platforms in this category are de?nedas structures in water depths not exceeding 100 feet.1.8PLATFORM REUSEExisting platforms may be removed and relocated for con-tinued use at a new site. When this is to be considered, theplatform should be inspected to ensure that it is in (or can bereturned to) an acceptable condition. In addition, it should bereanalyzed and reevaluated for the use, conditions, and load-ing anticipated at the new site. In general, this inspection,reevaluation, and any required repairs or modi?cation shouldfollow the procedures and provisions for new platforms thatare stated in this recommended practice. Additional specialprovisions regarding reuse are listed in Section 15.1.9PLATFORM ASSESSMENTAn assessment to determine ?tness for purpose may berequired during the life of a platform. This procedure is nor-mally initiated by a change in the platform usage such asrevised manning or loading, by modi?cations to the conditionof the platform such as damage or deterioration, or by areevaluation of the environmental loading or the strength ofthe foundation. General industry practices recognize thatolder, existing structures may not meet current design stan-dards. However, many of these platforms that are in anacceptable condition can be shown to be structurally adequateusing a risk-based assessment criteria that considers platformuse, location, and the consequences of failure.For platforms which were designed in accordance with theprovisions of the 20th and earlier editions, as well as plat-forms designed prior to the ?rst edition of this publication,recommendations regarding the development of reduced cri-Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./, --````,`,,,,````,,`,,,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---teria for assessment considering life-safety and consequencesof failure as well as for assessment procedures are included inSection 17. These ?tness for purpose provisions shall not beused to circumvent normal design practice requirementswhen designing new platforms. The reduced environmentalcriteria as de?ned in Section 17 should not be utilized to jus-tify modi?cations or additions to a platform that will result inan increased loading on the structure for platforms that havebeen in service less than ?ve years.Assessment of platforms designed in accordance with pro-visions of the 21st Edition and later editions of this publica-tion should be performed using the environmental criteriaoriginally used for the design, unless a special study can jus-tify a reduction in Exposure Category as de?ned in Section 1.1.10SAFETY CONSIDERATIONSThe safety of life and property depends upon the ability ofthe structure to support the loads for which it was designed,and to survive the environmental conditions that may occur.Over and above this overall concept, good practice dictatesuse of certain structural additions, equipment and operatingprocedures on a platform so that injuries to personnel will beminimized and the risk of ?re, blast and accidental loading(for example, collision from ships, dropped objects) isreduced. Governmental regulations listed in Section 1.11 andall other applicable regulations should be met.1.11REGULATIONSEach country has its own set of regulations concerning off-shore operations. Listed below are some of the typical rulesand regulations that, if applicable, should be considered whendesigning and installing offshore platforms in U.S. territorialwaters. Other regulations may also be in effect. It is theresponsibility of the operator to determine which rules andregulations are applicable and should be followed, dependingupon the location and type of operations to be conducted.1.33 Code of Federal Regulations Chapter N, Parts 140 to 147, “Outer Continental Shelf Activities,” U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. These regulations stipulate requirements for identi?cation marks for platforms, means of escape, guard rails, ?re extinguishers, life preservers, ring buoys, ?rst aid kits, etc.2.33 Code of Federal Regulations Part 67, “Aids to Naviga-tion on Arti?cial Islands and Fixed Structures,” U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. These regulations pre-scribe in detail the requirements for installation of lights and foghorns on offshore structures in various zones.3.30 Code of Federal Regulations Part 250, Minerals Man-agement Service (formerly U.S. Geological Service), OCS Regulations. These regulations govern the marking, design,Copyright American Petroleum Institute fabrication, installation, operation, and removal of offshore structures and related appurtenances.4.29 Code of Federal Regulations Part 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. This act speci?es require-ments for safe design of ?oors, handrails, stairways, ladders, etc. Some of its requirements may apply to components of offshore structures that are located in state waters.5.33 Code of Federal Regulations Part 330, “Permits for Work in Navigable Waters,” U.S. Corps of Engineers. Nation-wide permits describes requirements for making application for permits for work (for example, platform installation) in navigable waters. Section 10 of the River and Harbor Act of 1899 and Section 404 of the Clean Water Act apply to state waters.6.Obstruction Marking and Lighting, Federal Aviation Administration. This booklet sets forth requirements for marking towers, poles, and similar obstructions. Platforms with derricks, antennae, etc., are governed by the rules set forth in this booklet. Additional guidance is provided by API Recommended Practice 2L, Recommended Practice for Plan-ning, Designing, and Constructing Heliports for Fixed Off-shore Platforms.7.Various state and local agencies (for example, U.S.Department of Wildlife and Fisheries) require noti?cation of any operations that may take place under their jurisdiction.Other regulations concerning offshore pipelines, facilities,drilling operations, etc., may be applicable and should beconsulted.2Design Criteria and Procedures2.1GENERAL2.1.1Dimensional SystemAll drawings, calculations, etc., should be consistent in onedimensional system, such as the English dimensional systemor the SI metric system.2.1.2De?nition of Loads2.1.2.aGeneralThe following loads and any dynamic effects resultingfrom them should be considered in the development of thedesign loading conditions in 2.2.1.2.1.2.bDead LoadsDead loads are the weights of the platform structure andany permanent equipment and appurtenant structures whichdo not change with the mode of operation. Dead loads shouldinclude the following:Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./, ---`,,`,`,,`,,`-`-`,``,,,,,,,`,,````,,,,`,````--1.Weight of the platform structure in air, including whereappropriate the weight of piles, grout and ballast.2.Weight of equipment and appurtenant structures perma-nently mounted on the platform.3.Hydrostatic forces acting on the structure below the water-line including external pressure and buoyancy.2.1.2.cLive LoadsLive loads are the loads imposed on the platform during itsuse and which may change either during a mode of operationor from one mode of operation to another. Live loads shouldinclude the following:1.The weight of drilling and production equipment whichcan be added or removed from the platform.2.The weight of living quarters, heliport and other life sup-port equipment, life saving equipment, diving equipment andutilities equipment which can be added or removed from theplatform.3.The weight of consumable supplies and liquids in storagetanks.4.The forces exerted on the structure from operations suchas drilling, material handling, vessel mooring and helicopterloadings.5.The forces exerted on the structure from deck crane usage.These forces are derived from consideration of the suspendedload and its movement as well as dead load.2.1.2.dEnvironmental LoadsEnvironmental loads are loads imposed on the platform bynatural phenomena including wind, current, wave, earth-quake, snow, ice and earth movement. Environmental loadsalso include the variation in hydrostatic pressure and buoy-ancy on members caused by changes in the water level due towaves and tides. Environmental loads should be anticipatedfrom any direction unless knowledge of speci?c conditionsmakes a different assumption more reasonable.2.1.2.eConstruction LoadsLoads resulting from fabrication, loadout, transportationand installation should be considered in design and are fur-ther de?ned in Section 2.4.2.1.2.fRemoval and Reinstallation LoadsFor platforms which are to be relocated to new sites, loadsresulting from removal, onloading, transportation, upgradingand reinstallation should be considered in addition to theabove construction loads.2.1.2.gDynamic LoadsDynamic loads are the loads imposed on the platform dueto response to an excitation of a cyclic nature or due to react-Copyright American Petroleum Institute ing to impact. Excitation of a platform may be caused bywaves, wind, earthquake or machinery. Impact may be causedby a barge or boat berthing against the platform or by drillingoperations.2.2LOADING CONDITIONS2.2.1GeneralDesign environmental load conditions are those forcesimposed on the platforms by the swhereas, operating environmental load conditions are thoseforces imposed on the structure by a lesser event which is notsevere enough to restrict normal operations, as speci?ed bythe operator.2.2.2Design Loading ConditionsThe platform should be designed for the appropriate load-ing conditions which will produce the most severe effects onthe structure. The loading conditions should include environ-mental conditions combined with appropriate dead and liveloads in the following manner.1.Operating environmental conditions combined with deadloads and maximum live loads appropriate to normal opera-tions of the platform.2.Operating environmental conditions combined with deadloads and minimum live loads appropriate to the normal oper-ations of the platform.3.Design environmental conditions with dead loads andmaximum live loads appropriate for combining with extremeconditions.4.Design environmental conditions with dead loads andminimum live loads appropriate for combining with extremeconditions.Environmental loads, with the exception of earthquakeload, should be combined in a manner consistent with theprobability of their simultaneous occurrence during the load-ing condition being considered. Earthquake load, whereapplicable, should be imposed on the platform as a separateenvironmental loading condition.The operating environmental conditions should be repre-sentative of moderately severe conditions at the platform.They should not necessarily be limiting conditions which, ifexceeded, require the cessation of platform operations. Typi-cally, a 1-year to 5-year winter storm is used as an operatingcondition in the Gulf of Mexico.Maximum live loads for drilling and production platformsshould consider drilling, production and workover modeloadings, and any appropriate combinations of drilling orworkover operations with production.Variations in supply weights and the locations of movableequipment such as a drilling derrick should be considered tomaximize design stress in the platform members.Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./, --````,`,,,,````,,`,,,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---2.2.3Temporary Loading ConditionsTemporary loading conditions occurring during fabrica-tion, transportation, installation or removal and reinstallationof the structure should be considered. For these conditions acombination of the appropriate dead loads, maximum tempo-rary loads, and the appropriate environmental loads should beconsidered.2.2.4--````,`,,,,````,,`,,,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---Member LoadingsEach platform member should be designed for the loadingcondition which produces the maximum stress in the mem-ber, taking into consideration the allowable stress for theloading condition producing this stress.2.3DESIGN LOADS2.3.1Waves2.3.1.aGeneralThe wave loads on a platform are dynamic in nature. Formost design water depths presently encountered, these loadsmay be adequately represented by their static equivalents. Fordeeper waters or where platforms tend to be more ?exible, thestatic analysis may not adequately describe the true dynamicloads induced in the platform. Correct analysis of such plat-forms requires a load analysis involving the dynamic actionof the structure.2.3.1.bStatic Wave AnalysisThe sequence of steps in the calculation of deterministicstatic design wave forces on a ?xed platform (neglecting plat-form dynamic response and distortion of the incident wave bythe platform) is shown graphically in Figure 2.3.1-1. The pro-cedure, for a given wave direction, begins with the speci?ca-tion of the design wave height and associated wave period,storm water depth, and current pro?le. Values of these param-eters for U.S. waters are speci?ed in 2.3.4. The wave forcecalculation procedure follows these steps:?An apparent wave period is determined, accounting forthe Doppler effect of the current on the wave.?The two-dimensional wave kinematics are determinedfrom an appropriate wave theory for the speci?ed waveheight, storm water depth, and apparent period.?The horizontal components of wave-induced particlevelocities and accelerations are reduced by the wavekinematics factor, which accounts primarily for wavedirectional spreading.?The effective local current pro?le is determined bymultiplying the speci?ed current pro?le by the currentblockage factor.Copyright American Petroleum Institute ?The effective local current pro?le is combined vectori-ally with the wave kinematics to determine locally inci-dent ?uid velocities and accelerations for use inMorison’s equation.?Member dimensions are increased to account formarine growth.?Drag and inertia force coef?cients are determined asfunctions of wave an and membershape, roughness (marine growth), size, and orientation.?Wave force coef?cients for the conductor array arereduced by the conductor shielding factor.?Hydrodynamic models for risers and appurtenances aredeveloped.?Local wave/current forces are calculated for all plat-form members, conductors, risers, and appurtenancesusing Morison’s equation.?The global force is computed as the vector sum of allthe local forces.The discussion in the remainder of this section is in thesame order as the steps listed above. There is also some dis-cussion on local forces (such as slam and lift) that are notincluded in the global force.1.Apparent Wave Period. A current in the wave directiontends to stretch the wave length, while an opposing currentshortens it. For the simple case of a wave propagating on auniform in-line current, the apparent wave period seen by anobserver moving with the current can be estimated from Fig-ure 2.3.1-2, in which T is the actual wave period (as seen by astationary observer). VI is the current component in the wavedirection, d, is storm water depth (including storm surge andtide), and g is the acceleration of gravity. This ?gure providesestimates for d/gT2 & 0.01. For smaller values of d/gT2, theequation (Tapp/T) = 1 + VI can be used. While strictlyapplicable only to a current that is uniform over the full waterdepth, Figure 2.3.1-2 provides acceptable estimates of Tappfor “slab” current pro?les that are uniform over the top 165 ft(50m) or more of the water column. For other current pro-?les, a system of simultaneous nonlinear equations must besolved interactively to determine Tapp (see Commentary). Thecurrent used to determine Tapp should be the free-stream cur-rent (not reduced by structure blockage).2.Two-Dimensional Wave Kinematics. For the apparentwave period Tapp, speci?ed wave height H, and storm waterdepth, d, two-dimensional regular wave kinematics can becalculated using the appropriate order of Stream Functionwave theory. In many cases, Stokes V wave theory will pro-duce acceptable accuracy. Figure 2.3.1-3 Atkins (1990)shows the regions of applicability of Stokes V and variousorders of Stream Function solutions in the H/gTapp2, d/gTapp2plane. Other wave theories, such as Extended Velocity Poten-tial and Chappelear, may be used if an appropriate order ofsolution is selected.Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./,Figure2.3.1-1―Procedure for Calculation of Wave Plus Current Forces for Static AnalysisFigure2.3.1-2―Doppler Shift Due to Steady Current--````,`,,,,````,,`,,,,,,,``,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---Copyright American Petroleum Institute Document provided by IHS Licensee=Shell Services International B.V./,包含各类专业文献、外语学习资料、高等教育、中学教育、幼儿教育、小学教育、行业资料、专业论文、32API RP 2A-WSD等内容。　
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