斯库巴潜水：一项令人非常兴奋的体育运动
&参考译文：
斯库巴潜水：一项令人非常兴奋的体育运动
它能为我们打开整个水下世界
今天，我们到巴哈马群岛周围去进行一次令人兴奋的斯库巴潜水(水肺潜水，也就是携带呼吸器潜水)，去了解那里碧蓝的水下的海洋世界。“scuba”这个词的意思是独立的水下呼吸器。斯库巴潜水能够了解水下的珊瑚、鱼和其他水下生物是如何潜水的。请与我们一起到巴哈马群岛去吧，了解潜水的基本知识，与专家们进行交谈，向鲨鱼道一声问候。
当你在观看一条晶莹剔透的小鱼和珊瑚那令人惊讶的形状时，你想象一下在碧蓝的水下游泳的感觉，水下世界除了你的呼吸声外，非常寂静。当你呼气时，你能够看到许多晶莹的气泡漂浮到水面上。
由于人类不具备在水下观看和呼吸的功能，因此，斯库巴潜水必需具备个重要的设备。斯库巴潜水者必须戴上面具，这样才能在水下观看。这个面具里面有空间，这样就能保护潜水者的眼睛和鼻子。斯库巴潜水者呼吸需要一种调节器的帮助，这个调节器能够在他呼吸时把空气送他的嘴里。这个调节器与背在潜水者后背的氧气筒相连。另外有一个备用的调节器，这个调节器叫章鱼，它是在紧急情况下使用的。
潜水者还要穿上浮力控制器(BCD)以便控制漂浮和下沉。有一个压力器会告诉潜水者氧气筒里还有多少氧气、潜水者潜水的深度以及他(她)还能在水里呆多长时间。潜水者的脚穿上斯库巴鳍，以帮助潜水者在水里轻松而快速地漂游。许多潜水者还穿上水衣，以便在水里能够保暖。
要想了解如何使用这些潜水设备，你就应该到潜水学校去学习。要得到潜水资格证明，你就必须参加三个系列的教学课程。潜水新手必须学习有关潜水身体素质和安全性，其次，他们必须先在一个封闭的水域中练习潜水的技巧，然后到初学者的潜水水域中练习。有好几个组织能够向潜水练习者提供正式的潜水资格证明。
最初为了娱乐而进行斯库巴潜水也许始于上世纪四十年代雅克.考斯托和埃米尔.加尼安所发明的水中呼吸器。在美国，一些公众杂志刊登了一些介绍考斯托和他的水下探险方法的文章，这引起了人们对斯库巴潜水的关注。但由于水下呼吸器太过昂贵，因此斯库巴潜水一直到数年前都没能成为被人们广泛接受的体育运动。
对于想了解如何才能安全潜水的人而言，参加潜水培训，拿到潜水资格证明是非常重要的。例如，如果你的调节器离开你的嘴的时候，你必须知道如何把你后背的调节器放你的嘴里。而且，如果你的面具里充满水的时候，你必须知道如何清洁你的面具。当你在潜水的时候，还要考虑许多其他有关安全方面的问题。例如，当你进入很深的水下时，潜水者必须仔细地平衡他(她)耳朵所承受的压力，这是通过控制鼻子轻轻呼气来进行，否则，深水下的压力会损害耳朵。
对于潜水者而言，潜水减压病也是必须慎重对待的。潜水者潜入水下越深，进入潜水者肺里的压力就越大，而且，潜入越深，就会有更多的氮气进入潜水者的血液里。出于安全考虑，潜水者必须测定好他(她)潜水的深度，以免氮气的吸收超过安全程度。
当潜水者从水下上升回到水面时，他们必须持续呼吸，而且上升的速度不能超过其周围因呼吸所产生的水泡上升的速度。由于潜入水下很深，潜水者必须在一定的层面上停顿一下，以便减压。这样，在潜水者肺里的高强度的压力在它扩张之前就会有时间离开潜水者的身体。如果潜水者快速地上升到水面上的话，那么他(她)就很可能得严重的潜水减压病，也就是我们所知的“弯曲病”。另一个重要的方面是潜水是一个
“伙伴”的运动，有一个潜水伙伴，你们一旦在水下出现问题就能彼此照应，相互帮助。
潜水有一个重要的规则，那就是绝不要触摸任何的海洋生物。这个规则既是为了保护潜水者，也是为了保护水下的环境。例如，火珊瑚之所以取这样的名字，其中一个原因就是谁一旦碰到这种珊瑚，就会感觉到火辣辣的痛。潜水者还可能因为触摸一个锋利的珊瑚而手指被割。珊瑚也许像石头一样坚硬，但实际上却是非常易碎的生物，如果你触摸或站在它的上面就会很容易地损害它。为了保护这些美丽的珊瑚礁，潜水者必须小心细致地对待它。
提托.鲍尔温：“我认为每一个人潜水的体验都是不同的，我想，他们是因为多彩的海洋而喜爱潜水，他们是因为水下的宁静而喜爱潜水，他们是因为水下的一切而喜爱潜水。每一个人的潜水体验都是不同的。”
提托.鲍尔温，是巴哈马群岛的一名潜水救生员，他潜水近三十年。从潜入水下探寻失事的船只到潜入水下80米深，他无所不做。他说：“无论在巴哈马的什么地方，巴哈马群岛都可能是最美丽的水域。越往南，你离文明就越远，通过乔治敦向下，来到普拉纳珊瑚礁，这里是人类所未接触过的地方。这里是充满活力的，丰富多彩的各种鱼的世界。你在此可以进行最美好的潜水，你能够看到非常漂亮墙，你能够碰到非常漂亮的隧道和洞穴，你还能遇到失事的船只。在这里你可能遇到你所能想象一切。”
我们随提托.鲍尔温一起拜访鲨鱼，这里是巴哈马群岛的一个叫埃克斯玛斯的水域。
这个潜水区因危险礁而闻名，它位于英迪狗岛的正南。这里的水激荡起伏，但一旦你从船上向后跳入水中时，你就进入了一个非常平静而又丰富多彩的世界了。
在这里潜水的一个主要目的是为了看聚集在这里的大量的加勒比海鲨鱼。这些鲨鱼有着圆圆的身躯，短短的嘴巴和大大的圆眼睛，这些鲨鱼主要吃多刺骨的鱼。一头成年的雌性加勒比海鲨鱼大约有二到三米长，而一头雄性鲨鱼大约有一米五长，或更长一些。当你在鲨鱼中潜水时，是那么的令人激动，而且一点也不感到陌生。尽管这些鲨鱼根本就不好斗，但你似乎有点害怕。这些鲨鱼就在你的身边，注视着在它们身边漂游的一切。
在危险礁还有许多很大的拿骚鱼和黄鳍鱼。如果你游到这个很大的珊瑚礁的上面时，你就能够看到很小的生物在珊瑚礁里游进游出。这些金黄色和紫色的鱼叫石斑鱼，它看起来就像是宝石在水里漂游。大量各种各样的鱼在脑珊瑚、麋角珊瑚和海扇中游来游去，这些珊瑚随水流轻轻地摇晃。回到船上，我们向提托.鲍尔温询问了许多有关与鲨鱼一起潜水的安全性问题。
提托.鲍尔温：“当你进入有鲨鱼的水中时，人们自然会感到很害怕，因为他们感觉是进入了‘鬼门关’，他们似乎在看疯狂的电影。但是鲨鱼和水中其他的动物一样，他们同样被人类的样子所惊吓。(此句我不会，谁能教我？)鲶鱼在靠近我们，鲨鱼在靠近我们，黄尾鱼也在靠近我们，它们都是好奇的动物，而且它们比我们害怕它们而更加害怕我们。
全世界还有许多美丽的地方可以潜水。斯库巴潜水杂志最近列举了好几个“必须一看”的潜水的地方，这些地方包括委内瑞拉海岸之外的荷属安的列斯群岛中的博内尔岛。在这里，潜水者可以在海洋保护公园里探寻许多礁石，潜水者甚至可以探寻生活在希尔玛.胡克船里面及其周围的海洋生物，这艘七十米长的货船在二十多年前沉没在此。
在墨西哥下加利福尼亚的海面上，潜水者能够看到大型的海洋生物，如鲨鱼、大鳐鱼和海豚。斯库巴潜水杂志还推荐了南太平洋的斐济岛。许多潜水者来到斐济岛，想看看灰鲨或锤头鲨。在澳大利亚，潜水者可以探寻许多有趣的地方，包括大堤礁，这是世界上最大的珊瑚礁。据测量，这个珊瑚礁长达2000公里，这一非凡的自然结构，为潜水者提供了大量令人兴奋的潜水场所。同样在澳大利亚，丝带碓群外面的鳕鱼洞潜水区因其巨大的土豆鳕鱼而闻名。而在大灯塔珊瑚礁潜水区，潜水者还能够与小须鲸一起游泳。
海底世界与天空一样是一个非常美妙的世界。
我们人类对海底世界的探寻还很浅薄，甚至还不如对太空世界的探寻。
有时我要想，我们人类，与其耗费巨额资金去探寻太空世界，还真不如花费大量的时间和资金，对我们身边的海洋进行探寻。据我们所知，在海洋里，拥有我们人类所需要的一切。现在我们说能源缺乏、资源紧张，如果能够对海洋进行有效的开发，那么，这一切都将得到解决。而且，我认为相比对太空世界的开发而言，人类对海洋的开发应该比开发太空要更容易一些吧。
而要想开发海洋，就必须拥有对海洋的掌控权，而要对海洋的掌控，就必须拥有像俄罗斯那样能够在全世界海洋进行巡航的能力。从这方面来看，我们国家对海洋的掌控能力就太弱小了，甚至还不如我们对太空的影响力。
因此，相比对太空的探寻，我们中国更为迫切的应该是对海洋的探寻，由此，我们必须优先发展一切与海洋有关的产业，包括我们的海军。
当我们今年即将发射神州七号宇宙飞船时，我们为此倍感高兴，但同时，我也为我们国家至今还没有一艘航空母舰而倍感失望。我认为，相比宇宙飞船，我们更需要的是航空母舰。
Scuba Diving Is an Exciting Sport That Opens Up a
Whole Underwater World
Colorful fish at Danger Reef
Today we explore the clear blue
waters around the islands of the Bahamas to learn about the
exciting sport of scuba diving. The word "scuba" stands for
self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. Knowing how to dive
opens up an entire underwater world of coral, fish, and other
creatures. Join us as we learn the basics of diving, talk to an
expert, and say hello to a shark.
Imagine swimming in clear blue
waters as you look at small, brightly colored fish and the striking
shapes of coral organisms. The underwater world is quiet except for
the sound of your breathing. When you breathe out, you see many
shining air bubbles floating upwards towards the surface of the
Since humans are not designed to see
and breathe underwater, scuba diving requires several pieces of
important equipment. Scuba divers must wear a mask in order to be
able to see underwater. The mask creates an air space that protects
the eyes and nose. Scuba divers breathe with the help of a
regulator, which brings air to the mouth when they inhale. The
regulator is attached to an air tank that is placed on the diver's
back. There is an extra regulator called an octopus, which is used
in case of emergency situations.
Divers also wear a BCD, or buoyancy
control device, to control how much they float or sink. A pressure
gauge device tells divers how much air is left in the air tank. Or,
a dive computer can calculate how much air is left as well as a
diver's depth and the length of time he or she can stay underwater.
Divers wear scuba fins on their feet to help them move easily and
quickly through the water. Many divers also wear a wetsuit in order
to stay warm underwater.
To learn how to use all of this
equipment, it helps to go to dive school. Becoming a certified
diver requires taking three series of lessons. New divers must
learn about the physics and safety of diving. And, they must
practice diving skills first in a closed water area and then on
actual beginner dives. Several organizations offer official diving
certifications.&
Scuba diving for fun first became
possible with the development of the Aqualung by Jacques Cousteau
and Emile Gagnan in the early nineteen forties. In the United
States, articles in popular magazines about Cousteau and his
underwater exploration methods helped bring attention to scuba
diving. Because of the cost of the equipment, diving did not become
a widely available sport until years later.
Taking diving classes and becoming
certified are important for knowing how to dive safely. For
example, you need to know how to put a regulator back in your mouth
if it falls out underwater. And, you need to know how to clear your
mask if it fills with water. There are many other safety issues to
consider when diving. For example, when going down deeper in the
water, a diver must be careful to equalize the pressure in his or
her ears. This is done by holding the nose and blowing very gently.
Otherwise, the extreme pressure from the surrounding water can
cause damage to the middle ear and sinuses.
Decompression sickness is a major
concern for divers. The deeper a diver goes, the more pressure the
surrounding water puts on the volume of the air inside his or her
lungs. And, the deeper a dive, the more nitrogen gas goes into the
diver's blood. For safety reasons, a diver must measure the length
of his or her dive based on its depth so as not to exceed a safe
amount of nitrogen absorption.
When divers rise to return to the
water's surface, they must continue to breathe and rise no faster
than the air bubbles around them. For very deep dives, they must
stop and decompress at certain levels. This way, the highly
pressurized air in the diver's lungs has time to leave the body
before it expands. If a diver rises to the surface too quickly, he
or she can become extremely ill with decompression sickness, also
known as "the bends." Another important aspect to diving is having
a "buddy" system. By having a diving partner, you can watch over
one another and help each other if there is an accident.
Coral formations at Danger
One important diving rule is to
never touch any of the sea life. This rule is both to protect the
diver and to protect the underwater environment. For example, there
is a reason fire coral received its name. This kind of coral causes
a painful burning feeling if touched. A diver could also be cut by
touching a sharp piece of coral. Coral may seem hard like stone,
but it is actually a very fragile organism. It can be damaged if
divers touch or stand on it.& In order to protect
the beautiful coral reef systems, divers must treat them with
TITO BALDWIN: "I think everyone
takes a different experience away from diving. I think what they
love about diving could be the color of the ocean, could be the
peacefulness, it could be a gamut of things. Everyone is
different."&
That was Tito Baldwin, a rescue
diver from the Bahamas who has been diving for almost thirty years.
He has done everything from diving to explore underwater shipwrecks
to dives eighty meters deep. It might not surprise you to know Tito
Baldwin's favorite place in the world to dive. He said: "Anywhere
in the Bahamas, because the Bahamas is probably the most beautiful
water. The further south you get away from civilization, past
Georgetown down to the Plana Cays, Hogsty, Little Inagua where it's
untouched by humans. It's just vibrant, alive, colorful, fish
everywhere. You get some pretty good extreme diving. You've got
good walls, you've got good tunnels and caverns, there's wrecks.
Everything you could possibly
imagine."&
We went on a shark dive with Tito
Baldwin in an area of the Bahamas called the Exumas.
The dive site known as Danger Reef
is just south of Indigo Island. The water there was very rough.
But, once you flip backwards off the boat and enter the water, you
enter a calm and colorful world. &
A scuba diver observes a
Caribbean reef shark
The main purpose of this dive was to
see the many Caribbean reef sharks that gather in this area. These
sharks have a rounded and short snout and big round eyes. They eat
mainly bony fish. A fully grown female Caribbean reef shark
measures about two to three meters, while a grown male measures one
and a half meters or more in length. It is very exciting and a
little bit strange diving among the sharks. You feel as though you
should be afraid, even though the sharks are not aggressive at all.
The sharks just swim around, watching what is going on around
At Danger Reef, there were also many
large Nassau grouper and yellow fin grouper fish. If you float
above the large coral formations you can examine the smaller
creatures swimming in the reef. The bright yellow and purple fish
called the fairy basslet look like small swimming jewels. Many
kinds of fish swim in and out of the brain coral, elkhorn coral and
sea fans, which wave gently with the current.&
Back on the boat, we asked Tito Baldwin more about the safety of
diving with sharks.&
A Caribbean reef
TITO BALDWIN: "When you get in the
water with sharks, people are automatically scared because they've
seen 'Jaws,' they've seen all these crazy movies. But sharks are
just like every other animal in the water, they are petrified of
human beings. We were two feet away from five foot sharks
and they were just kind of circling around us like everything else
in the water. The groupers were close to us, the sharks
were close to us, the yellow tail were close to us. They're kind of
curious, and they are more afraid of us than we are of them."
There are many other beautiful
places around the world to dive. Scuba Diving Magazine recently
listed several of the "must see" diving sites. These include
Bonaire, one of the Netherlands Antilles Islands off the coast of
Venezuela. Here, divers can explore many reefs within a protected
marine park. Divers can even explore the sea creatures that live in
and around the ship, Hilma Hooker. This seventy meter long cargo
ship sank over twenty years ago. &
Off the coast of Baja California in
Mexico, divers can see large sea creatures like sharks, giant manta
rays and dolphins. Scuba Diving Magazine also recommends the Fiji
Islands in the South Pacific Ocean. Many divers go here to see grey
reef sharks or hammerhead sharks. In Australia, divers can explore
many interesting areas, including the Great Barrier Reef. It is the
largest coral reef system in the world. Measuring over two thousand
kilometers in length, this extraordinary natural formation offers
many exciting dive possibilities. Also in Australia, the Cod Hole
diving area off the Ribbon Reefs is famous for its large potato
codfish. And at the Lighthouse Bommie site, divers can swim with
minke whales.&
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