美国印第安纳波利斯号lndy 5赛车始于几年
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时间：2014-11-12 06:09
轮胎门后再战美国 透视印第安纳波利斯五大看点-搜狐赛车
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轮胎门后再战美国 透视印第安纳波利斯五大看点
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著名的《F1赛车》杂志（F1 Racing）资深编辑，前威廉姆斯车队经理彼得－温莎（Peter
Windsor）以其超过30年的F1从业经验，对目前F1世界的种种动向给出了他独特而有趣的解读。
1、弹性尾翼的争议在蒙特利尔进一步激化，本田当时曾威胁对宝马－索伯提出抗议。你对此有何意见？FIA是否会采取进一步行动呢？
为了限制尾翼的弹性，FIA引入了强制性“缓冲器”的概念，这片垂直的板件加强了主平面和附件之间的连接。这一设计从两方面减小了尾翼的弹性：其一，偏转高速下主平面后缘向下的变形；其二，削减尾翼附件的弹性。
一些车队认为，宝马－索伯的“缓冲器”本身具有弹性，因此只满足第二个要求，而不能满足第一个要求。不过，宝马的尾翼得到了通过，这也就表明，一些车队“创造性”地解读了比赛规则。我不清楚FIA是否会采取进一步的行动，这只是一个测量和理解的问题。
2、我们听说雅诺－特鲁利将会与丰田续约，就像我们周六看到的，聪明如他，看到丰田采用同样的阵容跑下赛季的比赛，你会觉得惊讶吗？
对此我并不惊奇，丰田一直努力谋求与特鲁利续约。特鲁利一直表现不错，而且有上升的趋势，正如我们在周末的比赛中所见，他几乎是在哑火的状态下跑完比赛的。拉尔夫－舒马赫的和约要延续到07年，他是个没头脑的。
当然，丰田此刻需要的不是最佳阵容，而是更出色的赛车。他们现在的当务之急应该是埋头工作。只要丰田的技术团队继续对特鲁利保持信心，听取他的意见，相信最终的胜利并不遥远。众所周知，拉尔夫的赛车调教总是和队友背道而驰。我想丰田已经了解了他的弱点，并在制定战术的时候考虑到了这点。理论上讲，拉尔夫在丰田的命运很可能像加斯科因一样，但丰田非常忠诚，想来他们会等到和约结束再跟小舒马赫说再见。
3、胡安－帕伯罗－蒙托亚在一流球队中的日子是不是已经屈指可数了呢？
我希望不是。F1继续蒙托亚这样的人。他极有才华，知道如何将赛车的能力发挥到极限。在迈凯轮的日子不如人意，不过蒙托亚还是有很多发挥的空间。蒙托亚－库比卡的组合对宝马来说还是很不错的，或许丰田应该考虑下蒙托亚－特鲁利的搭配。
4、去年的“轮胎门”事件是否会对美国站产生持续的影响？
不会。美国车迷做了笔不错的生意：他们看到了一场独特的比赛，获得了房车赛的免费观看机会，还有今年的免费门票。唯一受伤的是米其林阵营车队，他们愚蠢的决定放弃比赛。雷克南和阿隆索本来可以轻松站上领奖台，顺利通过13号弯角，他们本可以为车迷献上一场精彩的比赛。
整件事变成了利益争斗，所谓的“安全”只是借口而已。我不责怪车手，当然也不怪FIA和伯尼。我只怪米其林阵营车队的老板们和一些工程师们，他们将利益至于体育之上。
5、美国大奖赛曾在许多赛道上举办过，哪条赛道给你留下了最深刻的印象？为什么呢？
沃特金斯－格伦州立公园（Watkins
Glen）赛道，原因很简单，在一个美丽的季节里，在风景如画的赛道上举行了一场精彩的比赛。我曾住在Corning，黎明开车穿越树林，金色的阳光照在我的立体声收音机上，感觉真棒。
长滩美极了，我还记得希尔顿大酒店，1978年吉尔－维伦纽夫曾入住假日酒店。我永远忘不了周一清晨看到他为菲亚特加油，注意到他的头盔上没有一点油迹，这是他首次在比赛中取得领先。底特律的复活中心（RenCen）曾是大奖赛总部。除了比赛时，所有人都在那里。拉斯维加斯也许算不上什么伟大的赛道，但这里进行的比赛却充满着奇幻色彩。我们前往恺撒宫餐馆胡佛水坝，你还能期待什么呢？我没去看过在凤凰城举办的比赛，但我想达拉斯应该是不错的。（驭风前行）(责任编辑：小迈)
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&沪ICP备号From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Indianapolis Motor Speedway, located in , (an
suburb of ) in the United States, is the home of the
and the . It is located on the corner of 16th Street and Georgetown Road, approximately six miles (10 km) west of .
Constructed in 1909, it is the original speedway, the first racing facility so named. It has a permanent
estimated at 257,325, with infield seating raising capacity to an approximate 400,000. It is the .
Considered relatively flat by American standards, the track is a two-and-a-half mile, nearly rectangular oval with dimensions that have remained essentially unchanged since its inception: four 1/4-mile (400 m) turns, two 5/8-mile-long (1,000 m) straightaways between the fourth and first turns and the second and third turns, and two 1/8-mile (200 m) short straightaways, termed "short chutes", between the first and second, and third and fourth turns.
was constructed between 1998 and 2000, incorporating the western and southern portions of the oval (including the southwest turn) to create a 2.605-mile (4.192 km) track. In 2008, the road course was modified to replace the southwest turn with an additional infield section, for motorcycle use, resulting in a 2.621-mile (4.218 km) course. Altogether, the current grounds have expanded from an original 320 acres (1.3 km2) on which the speedway was first built to cover an area of over 559 acres (2.3 km2). Placed on the
in 1975 and designated a
in 1987, it is the only such landmark to be affiliated with automotive racing history.
In addition to the , the speedway also hosts 's . From 2000 to 2007, the speedway also hosted the
for . The inaugural USGP race drew an estimated 400,000 spectators, setting a
attendance record. In 2008, the speedway added the , a
Since August 19, [] automobile races have taken place, with 137[] separate drivers winning. As of 2014,
are tied for the record for most victories among the three major events (,
and the ), with Schumacher's wins all taking place on the Formula One version of the road course while Gordon holds the record for the traditional oval after winning the . ,
each won the Indianapolis 500 four times on the traditional oval, and
has also won four times on the oval in the . No driver to date has won any combination of the three major events, with only two drivers,
and , having competed in all three, with Montoya winning the Indy 500, finishing fourth in the US Grand Prix, and second in the Brickyard 400. Villeneuve also won the Indy 500, had a best finish of fourth in the US Grand Prix, and a 29th place in the Brickyard 400.
holds the record for total wins at the track, with 15 victories (all on the oval), during the , and 1916 seasons.
On the grounds of the speedway is the , which opened in 1956. The museum moved into its current building located in the infield near the short chute between turns one and two in 1975; its previous building outside the track at the corner of 16th Street and Georgetown Road was razed for the construction of current IMS administration offices. Also on the grounds is the Brickyard Crossing Golf Resort, which originally opened as the Speedway Golf Course in 1929. The golf course has 14 holes outside of the track, along the backstretch, and four holes in the infield. The speedway was also the venue of the opening ceremonies for the .
() of Indiana, an American vehicle parts and highway entrepreneur, co-founder and first president of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. May 1909.
Indianapolis businessman
first envisioned building the speedway in 1905 after assisting friends racing in
and seeing that Europe held the upper hand in automobile design and craftsmanship. Fisher began thinking of a better means of testing cars before delivering them to consumers. At the time, racing was just getting started on horse tracks and public roads. Fisher noticed how dangerous and ill-suited the makeshift courses were for racing and testing. He also argued that spectators did not get their money's worth, as they were only able to get a brief glimpse of cars speeding down a linear road.
Fisher proposed building a circular track 3 to 5 miles (5 to 8 km) long with smooth 100–150-foot-wide (30–45 m) surfaces. Such a track would give manufacturers a chance to test cars at sustained speeds and give drivers a chance to learn their limits. Fisher predicted speeds could reach up to 120 mph (190 km/h) on a 5-mile (8 km) course. He visited the
circuit outside of London in 1907, and after viewing the , it solidified his determination to build the speedway. With dozens of car makers and suppliers in Indiana, Fisher proclaimed, "Indianapolis is going to be the world's greatest center of horseless carriage manufacturer, what could be more logical than building the world's greatest racetrack right here?"
Fisher began looking around the Indianapolis area for a sit he rejected two potential sites before finding level farmland, Pressley Farm, totaling 328 acres (133 ha) about 5 miles (8 km) outside of Indianapolis. In December 1908, he convinced , Arthur Newby, and Frank W. Wheeler to join him in purchasing the property for $72,000. The group incorporated the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Company on March 20, 1909, with a capitalization of $250,000, with Fisher and James Allison in for $75,000 apiece and Frank Wheeler and Arthur Newby on board for $50,000 each.
Construction of the track started in March 1909. Fisher had to quickly downsize his planned 3-mile (5 km) oval with a 2-mile (3 km) road course to a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) oval to leave room for the grandstands. Reshaping of the land for the speedway took 500 laborers, 300
and a fleet of steam-powered machinery. The track surface consisted of graded and packed soil covered by 2 inches (5 cm) of gravel, 2 inches (5 cm) of
covered with taroid (a solution of tar and oil), 1–2 inches (3–5 cm) of crushed stone chips that were also drenched with taroid, and a final topping of crushed stone. Workers also constructed dozens of buildings, several bridges, grandstands with 12,000 seats, and an 8-foot (2.4 m) perimeter fence. A white-with-green-trim paint scheme was used throughout the property.
The first event ever held at the speedway was a helium gas-filled balloon competition on Saturday, June 5, 1909, more than two months before the oval was completed. The event drew a reported 40,000 people. Nine balloons lifted off "racing" a balloon by the name of Universal City won the race, landing 382 miles (615 km) away in
after spending more than a day aloft. The first motorsport event at the track consisted of seven motorcycle races, sanctioned by the Federation of American Motorcyclists (FAM), on August 14, 1909. This was originally planned as a two-day, 15-race program, but ended before the first day was completed due to concerns over suitability of the track surface for motorcycle use. These early events were largely planned by one of the top names in early auto racing promotion, , who earned fame for his bold and sometimes outlandish barnstorming events at fairgrounds tracks with racing star .
Indianapolis Motor Speedway before the grand opening – June 1909
On August 19, 1909, fifteen carmakers' teams arrived at the track for practice. The track surface again became a concern with drivers being covered in dirt, oil, and tar and with ruts and chuckholes beginning to form in the turns. Speedway workers oiled and rolled the track prior to the gates opening to the public. Fifteen to twenty thousand spectators showed up, paying at the most $1 for a ticket. Halfway through the first 250-mile (400 km) event, race leader
was temporarily blinded when a stone smashed his goggles. , driving in a Knox, suffered a suspected rear-axle failure resulting in his car flipping end over end on the front stretch before crashing into a fence post. Both he and his mechanic, Harry Halcomb, died at the scene.
The first day of car racing resulted in four finishes and two land speed records, but concerns over safety led AAA officials to consider canceling the remaining events. Fisher promised the track would be repaired by the next day and convinced officials that the show should go on. The second day saw 20,000 spectators, no major incidents, and additional speed records broken.
On the third day of racing, 35,000 spectators showed up to watch the grand finale 300-mile (480 km) race. At 175 miles (282 km) into the race, the right front tire blew on 's car. His car mowed down five fence posts and toppled dozens of spectators. Two spectators and his mechanic, Claude Kellum, were killed in the crash. Ten laps later, driver Bruce Keen struck a pothole and crashed into a bridge support. The race was then halted and the remaining drivers given engraved certificates instead of trophies. The race resulted in the AAA boycotting any future events at the speedway until significant improvements were made.
1909 poster advertising the speedway
Indianapolis Motor Speedway – Automotive Industries, Volume 21 – September 23, 1909
Fisher and his partners began looking into the idea of paving the track with bricks or concrete. Paving in 1909 was still relatively new with only a few miles of public roads paved, leaving little knowledge of what would work best. Traction tests were conducted on bricks, proving they could hold up. Less than a month after the first car races, the repaving project began. Five Indiana manufacturers supplied 3.2 million 10-pound (4.5 kg) bricks to the track. Each was hand laid over a 2-inch (51 mm) cushion of sand, then leveled and the gaps filled with mortar. At the same time, a concrete wall 33 inches (840 mm) tall was constructed in front of the main grandstand and around all four corners to protect spectators. The final brick added to the track was made of gold and laid in a special ceremony by
. Before the work was completed, locals nicknamed the track the "Brickyard". Today, 3 feet (0.91 m), or one yard, of original bricks remain at the start-finish line.
In December 1909, eleven drivers and a few motorcyclists returned for speed trials. Drivers soon reached speeds of up to 112 mph (180 km/h) on the new surface. Racing returned in 1910, with a total of 66 automobile races held during three holiday weekends (Memorial Day, Fourth of July and Labor Day). Each weekend featured two or three races of 100 to 200 miles (160 to 320 km), with several shorter contests. Each race stood on its own and earned its own trophy. All races were sanctioned by the AAA (as were the Indianapolis 500 races through 1955). 1910 also saw the speedway host the National Aviation Meet, featuring
and highlighted by
setting a world record by taking a plane up to 4,938 feet (1,505 m).
A change in marketing focus led to only one race per year beginning in 1911. An estimated 80,000 spectators attended the
500-mile (800 km) race on , May 30, 1911. Forty cars competed with
winning at an average speed of 74.602 miles per hour (120.060 km/h). While all the other drivers in the race had a
in their car, Harroun decided to save weight and go faster by driving solo. So, to be able to see what was happening behind his No. 32 , he installed a . It was the first time such a device was used in an automobile.
Advertisement for an Indianapolis Motor Speedway "Harvest Classic" race
A classic race followed in , when
lost a five lap lead with five laps to go after his car broke down. As DePalma pushed his car around the circuit,
made up the deficit to win. Three of the next four winners were European, with DePalma being the exception as an American national, though originally Italian born. These races gave Indy a worldwide reputation and international drivers began to enter. The 1916 race was shortened to 120 laps, for a number of reasons including a lack of entries from Europe (there were so few entries that the speedway itself entered several cars), a lack of oil, and out of respect for the .
On September 9, 1916, the speedway hosted a day of short racing events termed the "", composed of three races held at 20-, 50-, and 100-mile (32, 80 and 160 km) distances. In the end, , in a , would win all three events, his final victories at the facility. The Harvest Classic contests were the last races other than the Indianapolis 500 to be held on the grounds for seventy-eight years.
Racing was interrupted in
by , when the facility served as a military aviation repair and refueling depot. When racing resumed, speeds quickly increased.
In 1921, speedway co-founder Wheeler committed suicide.
At the 1925 event,
became the first to average 100 mph (160 km/h) for the race, with a speed of 101.13 mph (162.75 km/h).
In 1926, Fisher and Allison were offered "a fortune" for the speedway site by a local real estate developer. They refused, selling instead to former racing driver (and World War One )
in 1927. How much he paid was not revealed. Rickenbacker built a
in the infield. The next year, Allison died from .
hitting the nation, the purse dropped from a winners share of $50,000 and a total of $98,250 in 1930 to $18,000 and $54,450 respectively. There is a common misconception the rules were "dumbed down" to what was called the "junkyard formula" to allow more entries during the depression. The rules were indeed changed, but it was due to an effort by the speedway to get more car manufacturers involved in the race by discouraging the entry of specialized racing machines which dominated the 500 during the mid- to late-'20s. The rule changes, in fact, were already being laid out before the market crash.
performed a remarkable feat when his
Special completed the entire 500 miles without a . It was also the first diesel entrant.
In 1933, a record 42 cars started the 500. For 1934, a maximum fuel consumption limit was imposed, 45 US gal (37 imp  170 l). It became 42.5 US gal (35.4 imp  161 l) in 1935 and 37.5 US gal (31.2 imp  142 l) in 1936. When the limits saw several top competitors running out of fuel in the closing stages, the limits were abandoned, though the use of
was still mandatory.
By the early 1930s, rising race speeds began to make the track increasingly dangerous, and in the period
there were 15 fatalities. This forced another repavement, with
replacing the bricks in parts of the track. In addition, during the 1935–36 seasons the inside wall was removed in the corners, the angle of the outside wall in relation to the track was changed to keep cars from launching over, hard crash helmets became mandatory, and the first yellow light system was devised around the track. The danger of the track during this period, however, did not stop
from becoming the first two three-time winners, with Shaw also being the first back-to-back winner in 1939 and 1940.
The IMS wing and wheel logo has been used since 1909. This variation was used from the 1970s through 2008.
At the beginning of the 1940s, the track required further improvements. In 1941, about a third of "Gasoline Alley" (the garage area) burned down before the race. With U.S. involvement in , the
was cancelled in December, 1941. Late in 1942, a ban on all
led to the canceling of the 500-mile race for the rest of the war, for a total of three years (). The track was more or less abandoned during the war and fell into a state of disrepair.
Many of the locals conceded that the speedway would be sold after the war and become a housing development. With the end of the war in sight, on November 29, 1944, three-time 500 winner
came back to do a 500-mile (800 km) tire test approved by the government for Firestone. Shaw was shocked at the dilapidated state of the speedway and contacted owner , only to discover that it was for sale. Shaw then sent out letters to the automobile industry to try to find a buyer. All the responses indicated that the speedway would be turned into a private facility for the buyer. Shaw then looked around for someone to buy the speedway, who would reopen the racetrack as a public venue. He found
businessman . Meetings were set up and the speedway was purchased on November 14, 1945. Though not officially acknowledged, the purchase price for the speedway was reported by the
to be $750,000. Major renovations and repairs were made at a quick pace to the frail speedway, in time for the 1946 race. Since the record 42 cars that started the 1933 edition of the 500, the field size has been set at 33 drivers, with only three exceptions to this rule, the first being 1947, when only 30 cars started due to a strike by certain teams affiliated with the ASPAR drivers, owners and sponsors association.
Since then the speedway has continued to grow. Stands have been built and remodeled many times over, suites and museums were added, and many other additions helped bring back Indy's reputation as a great track.
In the 1950s, cars were topping out at 150 mph (240 km/h), helping to draw more and more fans. The low-slung, sleek cars were known as roadsters and the Kurtis, Kuzma, and Watson chassis dominated the field. Nearly all were powered by the , or "Offy", engines. The crowd favorite , with its unique sound and look, was the most powerful car of the decade that dominated time trials. However, they would never make the full 500 miles (800 km) in first place, often breaking down before the end or having to make too many pit stops because of the massive engine's thirst for fuel and the weight that went with the extra fuel.
The track’s reputation improved so much that the 500-mile race became part of the
World Championship for 10 years (), even though none of the Indy drivers raced in Formula One and only
of the F1 drivers at the time raced in the 500 in 1952. Five time world champion
practiced at the speedway in 1958, but ultimately decided against racing there. The 1950s were also the most dangerous era of American racing. Of the 33 drivers to qualify for the 1953 race, nearly half, 16, were to eventually die in racing accidents.
Starting line, featuring the Yard of Bricks
The pylon from 1994 until the 2014 SVRA vintage races in June. It was replaced by a video screen for the 2014 Kroger Super Weekend.
In October 1961, the final remaining brick sections of the track were paved over with asphalt, with the exception of a distinct three-foot-wide line of bricks at the start-finish line. The "Brickyard" thus became known for its "Yard of Bricks". After being widely ignored by Formula One drivers when it was an F1 World Championship event, a wave of F1 drivers went to the speedway in the 1960s, and the
revolution that was started by the
F1 team changed the face of the 500 as well, with
world drivers' champion
qualifying his Cooper in 13th for the
race. The Cooper used a smaller (2.7 liter) and less powerful
engine compared to the 4.4 liter Offy engines used by the other 32 cars and was slower on the straights, but many took note of the British car's superior handling through the turns. Brabham qualified 17th and after running as high as third, would ultimately finish ninth after completing all 200 laps. Despite this, many doubters claimed the rear-engine cars were for drivers who liked to be pushed around, though as Brabham said "It started the rear-engined revolution at Indy".
, who had won his first 500 in 1961, won the , which was the last ever win for a front-engine car, and since 's win driving the rear-engine
in , every winner has driven a rear-engine car.
won the following year in his first attempt, eventually becoming the only driver to date to achieve auto racing's "" of winning the , Indianapolis 500, and . There were enough Americans to compete with them, with A.J. Foyt, , and the Unser brothers
leading the charge in the 1960s and 1970s, of whom Foyt and Al Unser would eventually become, respectively, the first two of three drivers, to date, to win four times each, while Bobby Unser won the race three times, with Andretti only ever winning the race once, in . Andretti would go on to race in F1 and win the world championship in
with , who had been the first rear-engine winners at Indy, with Clark, in 1965.
From 1970 to 1981, Indianapolis had a twin in the city of , by the name of the . This track was known as the "Indianapolis of the West" and the home of the California 500, but was a financial failure due to poor management and not holding enough races on the racetrack.
In the 1977 Indy 500,
made history when she became the first female driver to qualify for the race. Guthrie started the race from 18th position but retired with timing gear failure after 27 laps. She was eventually classified 29th. Nineteen-seventy seven also saw A.J. Foyt make history when he became the first driver to win the race four times.
Nineteen-seventy nine saw the second exception to the 1934 33-driver field rule. By the late 1970s there arose some resistance from certain car owners and drivers as to the direction being taken by , the auto racing sanctioning body that among other things, governed the Indianapolis 500 event. Some of the dissident teams formed their own racing body,
(). USAC responded by barring six of the most famous teams in the sport from qualification (including Roger Penske and Dan Gurney), for "undermining the well-being of USAC". The ruling would sideline former Indy winners Bobby Unser, Al Unser Sr., Gordon Johncock, and Johnny Rutherford. After a court injunction in favor of CART, and a controversy where exhaust pipe rules were clarified after qualifications began and certain teams with an altered exhaust pipe were "locked into" the field, USAC held an additional qualification round on the day before the race, announcing that any driver who could post a faster speed than the slowest qualifier (Roger McCluskey) would be allowed to start the race. Bill Vukovich and George Snider were added to the lineup, bringing the field to 35. A crisis was averted for the moment, but USAC's handling of both issues was seen as bungling by some people, and as outright manipulation by others, and that year spelled the beginning of the end for USAC's governance of the Indy Car series.
The 1980s brought a new generation of speedsters, led by four-time race winner
who also broke the 220 mph (355 km/h) speed mark in qualifying () and won six pole positions. Other stars of the decade included , , and F1 veteran . The 1989 race came down to a final ten-lap, thrilling duel between Fittipaldi and , culminating in Unser crashing in the third turn of the 199th lap after making contact with Fittpaldi's right front tire.
The early 1990s witnessed
winning in what was then the , with an average speed of 185.981 mph (299.307 km/h). That record was not eclipsed for almost a quarter of a century, until Tony Kanaan won the
race with an average speed of over 187 mph (301 km/h). Rick Mears became the third four-time winner after a late-race duel with
in , and in , Al Unser, Jr. eked out a hard-fought victory by defeating last-place-starting driver
by 0.043 of a second, a margin that is still the closest finish in race history. The 500 got a new look in 1996 when it became an
event, formed as a rival to CART.
There was another qualifying controversy in 1997, arising over the IRL's "25/8 rule" which locked the previous year's top-25 overall points finishers into the Indianapolis race, regardless of their qualifying speed, leaving only eight spots open for entries to qualify on speed alone. The rule effectively guaranteed that IRL cars would get precedence over CART cars in the qualifying for the Indy 500. Two CART drivers who posted qualifying speeds fast enough to make the race were bumped to make room for slower IRL cars with more 1996 racing points. USAC complained to the IRL that the field would not include the 33 fastest cars. It was decided to add the two cars, driven by Johnny Unser and Lyn St. James, back into the field, once again bringing the number of starters to 35. This marked the last time the 500's starting field has been larger than 33 drivers.
From 1919 to 1993, the 500 was the only race run at the Brickyard. When
(Hulman's grandson) inherited the track, he brought more racing to the speedway, with
in 1994 (the , known from 2005 to 2009 as the ), and an
(IROC) event in 1998.
Basic map of speedway
Starting in 2012, the Brickyard 400 was supported by both the NASCAR Xfinity Series and also the Grand-Am Rolex Series. From , an IROC event was held as a support race. Since 1982, nearby
has held a
event which, since the Brickyard 400 in 1994, has been held the night prior to the IMS event. Since 1995, a
race has also been held at IRP.
The early 2000s saw drivers from the rival
series begin to cross over to compete at the Indianapolis 500. In the , multiple CART champion team
brought their drivers
to Indianapolis. Montoya qualified second, led 167 laps and won the race convincingly, becoming the seventh Indy 500 rookie to win the race. The ,
made its return to the Indianapolis 500 after a five-year absence and was joined by Ganassi,
and , driving for
in a separate effort headed by Kim Green, known as "Team Motorola". For the second straight year, an Indy rookie won the race as
took the checkered flag. Roger Penske then elected to move his entire operation over to the IRL beginning in 2002, taking Castroneves and teammate
with him. After fielding one car in 2002, Ganassi Racing followed Penske to the IRL full-time for the 2003 season. , who had left his long-time ride at
because he wanted to run the Indianapolis 500 again (something they were not willing to do), bought a majority interest in CART's Team Green, which returned to Indianapolis in 2002 with ,
and , and moved it to the IRL that same year as , and in 2004 former CART champion 's operation moved to the IRL as . Castroneves repeated his Indianapolis 500 win in 2002 despite controversial circumstances involving a late race caution and a pass made by Tracy, and his teammate de Ferran won in 2003.
Indianapolis Motor Speedway President Doug Boles at the 2015 Indianapolis 500.
In 2003, the
Series, a minor league series to the , made history with the first May race at the track since 1910, other than the 500. The , first held during the final qualifying weekend, has been moved to "carburetion day" on the Friday before the 500. From , the
Series became the first racing series since 1916 to run at the race course twice in one year. The first event being the Freedom 100, held on the oval track as part of the Indianapolis 500 weekend, and the second event, the , during the United States Grand Prix weekend, competing on the Grand Prix road course.
became the first American driver since 1998 to win the race in the rain-shortened . At the time, Rice drove for the team co-owned by
and the Indiana native television talk show host and comedian . In 2005,
became the first female driver to lead the race at Indianapolis, after acquiring it for a lap near the 125-mile (200 km) mark while cycling through pit stops.
would go on to win the .
became the first driver to ever overtake for the lead on the race's final lap, ultimately winning the
in the last 450 feet (140 m) by a 0.0635-second margin over rookie .
became the first native of
since 's victory in 1965 to win, in the rain-shortened .
In mid February, 2008, Champ Car filed for bankruptcy. In late February, an agreement was reached for Champ Car to be merged with the IRL, and the first IRL
season since the unification took place in 2008. , driving for Chip Ganassi Racing, became the first native of
to win, in the .
In the 100th anniversary year of the construction of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Hélio Castroneves became the sixth three-time winner of the 500 in the . Danica Patrick also had her best finish ever (third place) in the race, also the best finish ever by a woman in the history of the Indianapolis 500.
Formula One Grand Prix layout
was the first event at IMS to be held clockwise.
In 1998, Tony George arranged for
to return to the US for the first time since 1991. Two years of renovation and new construction for an
led to the first
there in , a race which was a success. The 2001 event's success (185,000 fans were reported in attendance) was even more important with the race, originally held in September, being the largest international sporting event held in the United States after the .
Cars wind through the infield section at the start of the 2003 United States Grand Prix.
The Grand Prix road course, unlike the oval, is raced in a clockwise direction. This follows the general practice of Formula One, in which the vast majority of circuits at the time ran clockwise (at the time, only
ran anti-clockwise).
The short history of the event is littered with controversies. The
was marred by a bizarre ending, in which , having already clinched the championship, seemingly tried to stage a dead heat with team-mate . The official timings showed Barrichello ahead by 0.011 seconds at the line, leading fans and media to dub the event a farce. The 2002 race was also the first ever Formula One race to use .
turned out to be one of the most controversial races in motorsport history. New rules meant cars had to use the same tires throughout the event. A crash during practice on the banked corner (the only banked corner on the F1 calendar) led to Michelin realizing their tires were ill-equipped for the banking, and could complete no more than a fraction of the race before failing. The Michelin teams were unable to find a solution, and while debates raged until the second, the Michelin teams pulled into the pits at the end of the parade lap, leaving only the three Bridgestone teams to contest the race. As two of these teams were backmarkers under normal circumstances, this led to Ferrari winning the race, accepting the trophies from a presentation party hastily assembled after speedway boss
refused to take part.
The perceived outrage of this event put the future of Formula One at Indianapolis in doubt. However, the following year's event was held on July 2, 2006, on the American
weekend, with American
driving for the new
team. Speed had become the first American in Formula One since
in . In this race, Speed became the first American to compete in a United States Grand Prix since
During the , Formula One boss
said that it did not matter to him whether or not there was a
in , but also said he would be happy to discuss a new contract for the race. There was also a rumor going around that in future seasons, there would be two
held in the United States. Even with Ecclestone's statements, the
was confirmed on October 31, 2006, following an extension of the race contract into 2007.
On July 12, 2007, it was announced that Formula One would not return to the IMS for , although a continuation of USGP at the IMS has not been completely ruled out for the future. Tony George stated difficulties in meeting the demands of Ecclestone to continue to host the event. George and Ecclestone were in talks to revive the race for , but no deal was made for a future race in Indianapolis. In a statement on April 10, 2008, Indianapolis chairman
said that the "door is open" for Formula One to return to the circuit. However, on May 25, 2010, it was announced that Formula One would return to the United States in
On September 26, 2013, IndyCar officials announced that the road course would host an IndyCar race in
on the opening weekend of the Indianapolis 500. The race, known as the , was held on May 10 on a modified version of the road course. The track's length was changed to 2.439 miles (3.925 km).
Moto GP Grand Prix layout
On July 16, 2007, the speedway announced that it would host a round of
beginning in 2008. The race was held for the first time on September 14, 2008, backed by
and known as the "". This marked the first motorcycle racing event at the facility since its first month of operation, in August 1909.
Modifications approved by the
were made to the former Formula One circuit, bringing the new track to a total of 16 turns. The motorcycle course runs anti-clockwise, in the same direction as the oval events at the speedway, and completely bypass the banking of the oval with a new infield section inside turn one ("Snake Pit Complex"). Also, the double-hairpin at the Hulman Straight was replaced with traditional esses. This construction was completed before the opening day of the
in May, 2008. The layout can be run clockwise (for car use, with or without the Snake Pit Complex) or anti-clockwise (for motorcycle use, with the Snake Pit Complex).
The first Moto GP event was heavily affected by the arrival of the remnants of . On race day, the weather was overcast and cold, with a 100% chance of rain during the event. The 125cc class started on a dry track, and went on until rain began to fall with seven laps to go. Since two-thirds of the scheduled distance had been run, the race was declared over and full points were given. Rain intensity then led the organizers to postpone the 250cc race until after the MotoGP race, hoping the winds and rain would stop. The MotoGP race was started at the scheduled time, with a very wet track but little rain. It ran until the 21st lap, when strong winds again began to blow. Fearing for the safety of the riders, the stewards red-flagged the race, which was declared completed, and full world championship points were given. The winds did not stop after the race, and safety concerns ultimately led to the cancellation of the 250cc race.
is held in late July, with events building up to the annual
. Races on the combined road course include
races taking place on the oval include the
on Saturday and the
on Sunday.
Main article:
On October 1, 2013, details of the Grand Prix of Indianapolis, an additional race for the 2014 IndyCar season and beyond, were announced. The inaugural event was scheduled for May 8–10, 2014 on the newly reconfigured 2.439-mile (3.925 km), 14-turn Indianapolis Motor Speedway road course (a chicane replaces the long curve in turns five through seven) and the Snake Pit section is included. Spectator mounds were modified, along with special grandstand seating arrangements. This IndyCar road race began the month of May, with practice for the 2014 Indy 500 starting the day after the race. It was televised live by ABC TV.
This logo was used to commemorate the track's centennial celebration from , drawing on elements from , and 1961.
Since 1977, the city of
has hosted a , which includes one lap around the speedway. Known as the "", it usually starts the official events that occur prior to the Indy 500.
From 1960 to 1968, the Speedway Golf Course, originally built in 1929, hosted a
event, the , in conjunction with Indy 500 race week. In 1968, it also held an
event. From 1991 to 1993, the course was demolished and changed from a 27-hole layout (18 holes outside, nine in the infield) to an 18-hole championship course designed by legendary golf architect . The new course, renamed the "Brickyard Crossing Golf Resort" features 14 holes outside, and four holes in the infield, along with an infield lake. A
event, the , was hosted there from 1994 to 1999.
At the , the speedway hosted the opening ceremonies and the speed
competition.
During the three-year centennial era, announced on May 23, 2008, special festivities which included a balloon festival to commemorate the first event, was held at two of the major races at the speedway, the Indianapolis 500, and the Brickyard 400. In February 2012, the facility was used to host events during the week of , which was held in Indianapolis.
Since 2009, the speedway has hosted
racing on an infield oval, called the "Battle at the Brickyard".
Average speed
2.5 miles (4.0 km)
May 10, 1996
0:00:37.616
239.260 mph (385.052 km/h)
Qualifying
2.5 miles (4.0 km)
May 12, 1996
Arie Luyendyk
0:00:37.895
237.498 mph (382.216 km/h)
Qualifying
10 miles (16 km)
May 12, 1996
Arie Luyendyk
0:02:31.908
236.986 mph (381.392 km/h)
2.5 miles (4.0 km)
May 26, 1996
0:00:38.119
236.103 mph (379.971 km/h)
500 miles (800 km)
May 26, 2013
2:40:03.4181
187.433 mph (301.644 km/h)
Average speed
Qualifying
2.5 miles (4.0 km)
July 26, 2014
0:00:47.647
188.889 mph (303.987 km/h)
2.5 miles (4.0 km)
August 7, 2005
0:00:50.099
179.641 mph (289.104 km/h)
(160 laps) *
400 miles (640 km)*
August 5, 2000
2:33:55.979
155.912 mph (250.916 km/h)
* The 2004 race distance was extended by one lap, to 402.5 miles (647.8 km),
due to NASCAR's
Average speed
2.605 miles (4.192 km)
0:01:09.454
135.025 mph (217.302 km/h)
Qualifying
2.605 miles (4.192 km)
June 19, 2004
Rubens Barrichello
0:01:10.223
133.546 mph (214.921 km/h)
2.605 miles (4.192 km)
June 20, 2004
Rubens Barrichello
0:01:10.399
133.207 mph (214.376 km/h)
190.165 miles (306.041 km)
1:29:43.181
127.173 mph (204.665 km/h)
* All-time track record, IMS original () road course
Average speed
2.621 miles (4.218 km)
0:01:39.783
94.561 mph (152.181 km/h)
Qualifying*
2.621 miles (4.218 km)
August 18, 2012
Dani Pedrosa
0:01:38.813
95.489 mph (153.675 km/h)
2.621 miles (4.218 km)
August 19, 2012
Dani Pedrosa
0:01:39.088
95.214 mph (153.232 km/h)
73.388 miles (118.107 km)
August 19, 2012
Dani Pedrosa
0:46:39.631
94.368 mph (151.871 km/h)
* All-time track record, IMS reconfigured (2008) road course
Average speed
2.439 miles (3.925 km)
0:01:10.4654
124.606 mph (200.534 km/h)
Qualifying
2.439 miles (3.925 km)
May 09, 2014
0:01:23.8822
104.675 mph (168.458 km/h)
2.439 miles (3.925 km)
May 10, 2014
Scott Dixon
0:01:10.4062
124.711 mph (200.703 km/h)
190.165 miles (306.041 km)
2:04:24.0261
127.173 mph (204.665 km/h)
* All-time track record, IMS reconfigured (2014) road course
Further information:
Long straightaways
0.625 miles (1.006 km)
50 feet (15 m)
Short straightaways
0.125 miles (0.201 km)
50 feet (15 m)
0.250 miles (0.402 km)
60 feet (18 m)
Total/average
2.5 miles (4.0 km)
54 feet (16 m)
– historian of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway
– former IMS Director of Photography from 1977 until 2011
. National Register of Historic Places. . .
. National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service.
Charleton, James H. (October 1985).
(PDF). National Park Service. and
. World Stadiums 2010.
. . May 14, 2010.
. indianapolismotorspeedway 2010.
. . March 26, 2013.
. . March 26, 2013.
Dill, M "A Forgotten C" 2006 Allstate 400 at the Brickyard Official P Indianapolis Motor S 2006.
Kettlewell, Mike. "Indianapolis: The Richest Race in the World", in Northey, Tom, ed. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 9, p.1014.
Kettlewell, p.1014.
Kettlewell, p.1015.
Kettlewell, Mike. "Indianapolis: The Richest Race in the World", in Northey, Tom, ed. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 9, p.1015.
. Fox Sports. May 6, 2009.
. Indianapolismotorspeedway 2010.
Kallmann, Dave (September 29, 2001).
(NEWSBANK). Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (Wisconsin: Journal Sentinel Inc). p. 10 2010.
. BBC Sport. June 23, .
Miersma, Seyth (March 7, 2008). . Next Autos 2010.
. . April 10, .
. . September 26, .
DiZinno, Tony (October 1, 2013). .
. . July 17, .
. . September 15, .
The Games of August: Official Commemorative Book. Indianapolis: Showmasters. 1987.  .
. Brandweek. May 20, .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
 – Official website
race results at Racing-Reference
from Indianapolis, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
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轮胎门后再战美国 透视印第安纳波利斯五大看点
&&时间：日22:47&&
来源：搜狐体育&&
著名的《F1赛车》杂志（F1 Racing）资深编辑，前威廉姆斯车队经理彼得－温莎（Peter
Windsor）以其超过30年的F1从业经验，对目前F1世界的种种动向给出了他独特而有趣的解读。
1、弹性尾翼的争议在蒙特利尔进一步激化，本田当时曾威胁对宝马－索伯提出抗议。你对此有何意见？FIA是否会采取进一步行动呢？
为了限制尾翼的弹性，FIA引入了强制性“缓冲器”的概念，这片垂直的板件加强了主平面和附件之间的连接。这一设计从两方面减小了尾翼的弹性：其一，偏转高速下主平面后缘向下的变形；其二，削减尾翼附件的弹性。
一些车队认为，宝马－索伯的“缓冲器”本身具有弹性，因此只满足第二个要求，而不能满足第一个要求。不过，宝马的尾翼得到了通过，这也就表明，一些车队“创造性”地解读了比赛规则。我不清楚FIA是否会采取进一步的行动，这只是一个测量和理解的问题。
2、我们听说雅诺－特鲁利将会与丰田续约，就像我们周六看到的，聪明如他，看到丰田采用同样的阵容跑下赛季的比赛，你会觉得惊讶吗？
对此我并不惊奇，丰田一直努力谋求与特鲁利续约。特鲁利一直表现不错，而且有上升的趋势，正如我们在周末的比赛中所见，他几乎是在哑火的状态下跑完比赛的。拉尔夫－舒马赫的和约要延续到07年，他是个没头脑的。
当然，丰田此刻需要的不是最佳阵容，而是更出色的赛车。他们现在的当务之急应该是埋头工作。只要丰田的技术团队继续对特鲁利保持信心，听取他的意见，相信最终的胜利并不遥远。众所周知，拉尔夫的赛车调教总是和队友背道而驰。我想丰田已经了解了他的弱点，并在制定战术的时候考虑到了这点。理论上讲，拉尔夫在丰田的命运很可能像加斯科因一样，但丰田非常忠诚，想来他们会等到和约结束再跟小舒马赫说再见。
3、胡安－帕伯罗－蒙托亚在一流球队中的日子是不是已经屈指可数了呢？
我希望不是。F1继续蒙托亚这样的人。他极有才华，知道如何将赛车的能力发挥到极限。在迈凯轮的日子不如人意，不过蒙托亚还是有很多发挥的空间。蒙托亚－库比卡的组合对宝马来说还是很不错的，或许丰田应该考虑下蒙托亚－特鲁利的搭配。
4、去年的“轮胎门”事件是否会对美国站产生持续的影响？
不会。美国车迷做了笔不错的生意：他们看到了一场独特的比赛，获得了房车赛的免费观看机会，还有今年的免费门票。唯一受伤的是米其林阵营车队，他们愚蠢的决定放弃比赛。雷克南和阿隆索本来可以轻松站上领奖台，顺利通过13号弯角，他们本可以为车迷献上一场精彩的比赛。
整件事变成了利益争斗，所谓的“安全”只是借口而已。我不责怪车手，当然也不怪FIA和伯尼。我只怪米其林阵营车队的老板们和一些工程师们，他们将利益至于体育之上。
5、美国大奖赛曾在许多赛道上举办过，哪条赛道给你留下了最深刻的印象？为什么呢？
沃特金斯－格伦州立公园（Watkins
Glen）赛道，原因很简单，在一个美丽的季节里，在风景如画的赛道上举行了一场精彩的比赛。我曾住在Corning，黎明开车穿越树林，金色的阳光照在我的立体声收音机上，感觉真棒。
长滩美极了，我还记得希尔顿大酒店，1978年吉尔－维伦纽夫曾入住假日酒店。我永远忘不了周一清晨看到他为菲亚特加油，注意到他的头盔上没有一点油迹，这是他首次在比赛中取得领先。底特律的复活中心（RenCen）曾是大奖赛总部。除了比赛时，所有人都在那里。拉斯维加斯也许算不上什么伟大的赛道，但这里进行的比赛却充满着奇幻色彩。我们前往恺撒宫餐馆胡佛水坝，你还能期待什么呢？我没去看过在凤凰城举办的比赛，但我想达拉斯应该是不错的。（驭风前行）(责任编辑：小迈)
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&沪ICP备号From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Indianapolis Motor Speedway, located in , (an
suburb of ) in the United States, is the home of the
and the . It is located on the corner of 16th Street and Georgetown Road, approximately six miles (10 km) west of .
Constructed in 1909, it is the original speedway, the first racing facility so named. It has a permanent
estimated at 257,325, with infield seating raising capacity to an approximate 400,000. It is the .
Considered relatively flat by American standards, the track is a two-and-a-half mile, nearly rectangular oval with dimensions that have remained essentially unchanged since its inception: four 1/4-mile (400 m) turns, two 5/8-mile-long (1,000 m) straightaways between the fourth and first turns and the second and third turns, and two 1/8-mile (200 m) short straightaways, termed "short chutes", between the first and second, and third and fourth turns.
was constructed between 1998 and 2000, incorporating the western and southern portions of the oval (including the southwest turn) to create a 2.605-mile (4.192 km) track. In 2008, the road course was modified to replace the southwest turn with an additional infield section, for motorcycle use, resulting in a 2.621-mile (4.218 km) course. Altogether, the current grounds have expanded from an original 320 acres (1.3 km2) on which the speedway was first built to cover an area of over 559 acres (2.3 km2). Placed on the
in 1975 and designated a
in 1987, it is the only such landmark to be affiliated with automotive racing history.
In addition to the , the speedway also hosts 's . From 2000 to 2007, the speedway also hosted the
for . The inaugural USGP race drew an estimated 400,000 spectators, setting a
attendance record. In 2008, the speedway added the , a
Since August 19, [] automobile races have taken place, with 137[] separate drivers winning. As of 2014,
are tied for the record for most victories among the three major events (,
and the ), with Schumacher's wins all taking place on the Formula One version of the road course while Gordon holds the record for the traditional oval after winning the . ,
each won the Indianapolis 500 four times on the traditional oval, and
has also won four times on the oval in the . No driver to date has won any combination of the three major events, with only two drivers,
and , having competed in all three, with Montoya winning the Indy 500, finishing fourth in the US Grand Prix, and second in the Brickyard 400. Villeneuve also won the Indy 500, had a best finish of fourth in the US Grand Prix, and a 29th place in the Brickyard 400.
holds the record for total wins at the track, with 15 victories (all on the oval), during the , and 1916 seasons.
On the grounds of the speedway is the , which opened in 1956. The museum moved into its current building located in the infield near the short chute between turns one and two in 1975; its previous building outside the track at the corner of 16th Street and Georgetown Road was razed for the construction of current IMS administration offices. Also on the grounds is the Brickyard Crossing Golf Resort, which originally opened as the Speedway Golf Course in 1929. The golf course has 14 holes outside of the track, along the backstretch, and four holes in the infield. The speedway was also the venue of the opening ceremonies for the .
() of Indiana, an American vehicle parts and highway entrepreneur, co-founder and first president of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. May 1909.
Indianapolis businessman
first envisioned building the speedway in 1905 after assisting friends racing in
and seeing that Europe held the upper hand in automobile design and craftsmanship. Fisher began thinking of a better means of testing cars before delivering them to consumers. At the time, racing was just getting started on horse tracks and public roads. Fisher noticed how dangerous and ill-suited the makeshift courses were for racing and testing. He also argued that spectators did not get their money's worth, as they were only able to get a brief glimpse of cars speeding down a linear road.
Fisher proposed building a circular track 3 to 5 miles (5 to 8 km) long with smooth 100–150-foot-wide (30–45 m) surfaces. Such a track would give manufacturers a chance to test cars at sustained speeds and give drivers a chance to learn their limits. Fisher predicted speeds could reach up to 120 mph (190 km/h) on a 5-mile (8 km) course. He visited the
circuit outside of London in 1907, and after viewing the , it solidified his determination to build the speedway. With dozens of car makers and suppliers in Indiana, Fisher proclaimed, "Indianapolis is going to be the world's greatest center of horseless carriage manufacturer, what could be more logical than building the world's greatest racetrack right here?"
Fisher began looking around the Indianapolis area for a sit he rejected two potential sites before finding level farmland, Pressley Farm, totaling 328 acres (133 ha) about 5 miles (8 km) outside of Indianapolis. In December 1908, he convinced , Arthur Newby, and Frank W. Wheeler to join him in purchasing the property for $72,000. The group incorporated the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Company on March 20, 1909, with a capitalization of $250,000, with Fisher and James Allison in for $75,000 apiece and Frank Wheeler and Arthur Newby on board for $50,000 each.
Construction of the track started in March 1909. Fisher had to quickly downsize his planned 3-mile (5 km) oval with a 2-mile (3 km) road course to a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) oval to leave room for the grandstands. Reshaping of the land for the speedway took 500 laborers, 300
and a fleet of steam-powered machinery. The track surface consisted of graded and packed soil covered by 2 inches (5 cm) of gravel, 2 inches (5 cm) of
covered with taroid (a solution of tar and oil), 1–2 inches (3–5 cm) of crushed stone chips that were also drenched with taroid, and a final topping of crushed stone. Workers also constructed dozens of buildings, several bridges, grandstands with 12,000 seats, and an 8-foot (2.4 m) perimeter fence. A white-with-green-trim paint scheme was used throughout the property.
The first event ever held at the speedway was a helium gas-filled balloon competition on Saturday, June 5, 1909, more than two months before the oval was completed. The event drew a reported 40,000 people. Nine balloons lifted off "racing" a balloon by the name of Universal City won the race, landing 382 miles (615 km) away in
after spending more than a day aloft. The first motorsport event at the track consisted of seven motorcycle races, sanctioned by the Federation of American Motorcyclists (FAM), on August 14, 1909. This was originally planned as a two-day, 15-race program, but ended before the first day was completed due to concerns over suitability of the track surface for motorcycle use. These early events were largely planned by one of the top names in early auto racing promotion, , who earned fame for his bold and sometimes outlandish barnstorming events at fairgrounds tracks with racing star .
Indianapolis Motor Speedway before the grand opening – June 1909
On August 19, 1909, fifteen carmakers' teams arrived at the track for practice. The track surface again became a concern with drivers being covered in dirt, oil, and tar and with ruts and chuckholes beginning to form in the turns. Speedway workers oiled and rolled the track prior to the gates opening to the public. Fifteen to twenty thousand spectators showed up, paying at the most $1 for a ticket. Halfway through the first 250-mile (400 km) event, race leader
was temporarily blinded when a stone smashed his goggles. , driving in a Knox, suffered a suspected rear-axle failure resulting in his car flipping end over end on the front stretch before crashing into a fence post. Both he and his mechanic, Harry Halcomb, died at the scene.
The first day of car racing resulted in four finishes and two land speed records, but concerns over safety led AAA officials to consider canceling the remaining events. Fisher promised the track would be repaired by the next day and convinced officials that the show should go on. The second day saw 20,000 spectators, no major incidents, and additional speed records broken.
On the third day of racing, 35,000 spectators showed up to watch the grand finale 300-mile (480 km) race. At 175 miles (282 km) into the race, the right front tire blew on 's car. His car mowed down five fence posts and toppled dozens of spectators. Two spectators and his mechanic, Claude Kellum, were killed in the crash. Ten laps later, driver Bruce Keen struck a pothole and crashed into a bridge support. The race was then halted and the remaining drivers given engraved certificates instead of trophies. The race resulted in the AAA boycotting any future events at the speedway until significant improvements were made.
1909 poster advertising the speedway
Indianapolis Motor Speedway – Automotive Industries, Volume 21 – September 23, 1909
Fisher and his partners began looking into the idea of paving the track with bricks or concrete. Paving in 1909 was still relatively new with only a few miles of public roads paved, leaving little knowledge of what would work best. Traction tests were conducted on bricks, proving they could hold up. Less than a month after the first car races, the repaving project began. Five Indiana manufacturers supplied 3.2 million 10-pound (4.5 kg) bricks to the track. Each was hand laid over a 2-inch (51 mm) cushion of sand, then leveled and the gaps filled with mortar. At the same time, a concrete wall 33 inches (840 mm) tall was constructed in front of the main grandstand and around all four corners to protect spectators. The final brick added to the track was made of gold and laid in a special ceremony by
. Before the work was completed, locals nicknamed the track the "Brickyard". Today, 3 feet (0.91 m), or one yard, of original bricks remain at the start-finish line.
In December 1909, eleven drivers and a few motorcyclists returned for speed trials. Drivers soon reached speeds of up to 112 mph (180 km/h) on the new surface. Racing returned in 1910, with a total of 66 automobile races held during three holiday weekends (Memorial Day, Fourth of July and Labor Day). Each weekend featured two or three races of 100 to 200 miles (160 to 320 km), with several shorter contests. Each race stood on its own and earned its own trophy. All races were sanctioned by the AAA (as were the Indianapolis 500 races through 1955). 1910 also saw the speedway host the National Aviation Meet, featuring
and highlighted by
setting a world record by taking a plane up to 4,938 feet (1,505 m).
A change in marketing focus led to only one race per year beginning in 1911. An estimated 80,000 spectators attended the
500-mile (800 km) race on , May 30, 1911. Forty cars competed with
winning at an average speed of 74.602 miles per hour (120.060 km/h). While all the other drivers in the race had a
in their car, Harroun decided to save weight and go faster by driving solo. So, to be able to see what was happening behind his No. 32 , he installed a . It was the first time such a device was used in an automobile.
Advertisement for an Indianapolis Motor Speedway "Harvest Classic" race
A classic race followed in , when
lost a five lap lead with five laps to go after his car broke down. As DePalma pushed his car around the circuit,
made up the deficit to win. Three of the next four winners were European, with DePalma being the exception as an American national, though originally Italian born. These races gave Indy a worldwide reputation and international drivers began to enter. The 1916 race was shortened to 120 laps, for a number of reasons including a lack of entries from Europe (there were so few entries that the speedway itself entered several cars), a lack of oil, and out of respect for the .
On September 9, 1916, the speedway hosted a day of short racing events termed the "", composed of three races held at 20-, 50-, and 100-mile (32, 80 and 160 km) distances. In the end, , in a , would win all three events, his final victories at the facility. The Harvest Classic contests were the last races other than the Indianapolis 500 to be held on the grounds for seventy-eight years.
Racing was interrupted in
by , when the facility served as a military aviation repair and refueling depot. When racing resumed, speeds quickly increased.
In 1921, speedway co-founder Wheeler committed suicide.
At the 1925 event,
became the first to average 100 mph (160 km/h) for the race, with a speed of 101.13 mph (162.75 km/h).
In 1926, Fisher and Allison were offered "a fortune" for the speedway site by a local real estate developer. They refused, selling instead to former racing driver (and World War One )
in 1927. How much he paid was not revealed. Rickenbacker built a
in the infield. The next year, Allison died from .
hitting the nation, the purse dropped from a winners share of $50,000 and a total of $98,250 in 1930 to $18,000 and $54,450 respectively. There is a common misconception the rules were "dumbed down" to what was called the "junkyard formula" to allow more entries during the depression. The rules were indeed changed, but it was due to an effort by the speedway to get more car manufacturers involved in the race by discouraging the entry of specialized racing machines which dominated the 500 during the mid- to late-'20s. The rule changes, in fact, were already being laid out before the market crash.
performed a remarkable feat when his
Special completed the entire 500 miles without a . It was also the first diesel entrant.
In 1933, a record 42 cars started the 500. For 1934, a maximum fuel consumption limit was imposed, 45 US gal (37 imp  170 l). It became 42.5 US gal (35.4 imp  161 l) in 1935 and 37.5 US gal (31.2 imp  142 l) in 1936. When the limits saw several top competitors running out of fuel in the closing stages, the limits were abandoned, though the use of
was still mandatory.
By the early 1930s, rising race speeds began to make the track increasingly dangerous, and in the period
there were 15 fatalities. This forced another repavement, with
replacing the bricks in parts of the track. In addition, during the 1935–36 seasons the inside wall was removed in the corners, the angle of the outside wall in relation to the track was changed to keep cars from launching over, hard crash helmets became mandatory, and the first yellow light system was devised around the track. The danger of the track during this period, however, did not stop
from becoming the first two three-time winners, with Shaw also being the first back-to-back winner in 1939 and 1940.
The IMS wing and wheel logo has been used since 1909. This variation was used from the 1970s through 2008.
At the beginning of the 1940s, the track required further improvements. In 1941, about a third of "Gasoline Alley" (the garage area) burned down before the race. With U.S. involvement in , the
was cancelled in December, 1941. Late in 1942, a ban on all
led to the canceling of the 500-mile race for the rest of the war, for a total of three years (). The track was more or less abandoned during the war and fell into a state of disrepair.
Many of the locals conceded that the speedway would be sold after the war and become a housing development. With the end of the war in sight, on November 29, 1944, three-time 500 winner
came back to do a 500-mile (800 km) tire test approved by the government for Firestone. Shaw was shocked at the dilapidated state of the speedway and contacted owner , only to discover that it was for sale. Shaw then sent out letters to the automobile industry to try to find a buyer. All the responses indicated that the speedway would be turned into a private facility for the buyer. Shaw then looked around for someone to buy the speedway, who would reopen the racetrack as a public venue. He found
businessman . Meetings were set up and the speedway was purchased on November 14, 1945. Though not officially acknowledged, the purchase price for the speedway was reported by the
to be $750,000. Major renovations and repairs were made at a quick pace to the frail speedway, in time for the 1946 race. Since the record 42 cars that started the 1933 edition of the 500, the field size has been set at 33 drivers, with only three exceptions to this rule, the first being 1947, when only 30 cars started due to a strike by certain teams affiliated with the ASPAR drivers, owners and sponsors association.
Since then the speedway has continued to grow. Stands have been built and remodeled many times over, suites and museums were added, and many other additions helped bring back Indy's reputation as a great track.
In the 1950s, cars were topping out at 150 mph (240 km/h), helping to draw more and more fans. The low-slung, sleek cars were known as roadsters and the Kurtis, Kuzma, and Watson chassis dominated the field. Nearly all were powered by the , or "Offy", engines. The crowd favorite , with its unique sound and look, was the most powerful car of the decade that dominated time trials. However, they would never make the full 500 miles (800 km) in first place, often breaking down before the end or having to make too many pit stops because of the massive engine's thirst for fuel and the weight that went with the extra fuel.
The track’s reputation improved so much that the 500-mile race became part of the
World Championship for 10 years (), even though none of the Indy drivers raced in Formula One and only
of the F1 drivers at the time raced in the 500 in 1952. Five time world champion
practiced at the speedway in 1958, but ultimately decided against racing there. The 1950s were also the most dangerous era of American racing. Of the 33 drivers to qualify for the 1953 race, nearly half, 16, were to eventually die in racing accidents.
Starting line, featuring the Yard of Bricks
The pylon from 1994 until the 2014 SVRA vintage races in June. It was replaced by a video screen for the 2014 Kroger Super Weekend.
In October 1961, the final remaining brick sections of the track were paved over with asphalt, with the exception of a distinct three-foot-wide line of bricks at the start-finish line. The "Brickyard" thus became known for its "Yard of Bricks". After being widely ignored by Formula One drivers when it was an F1 World Championship event, a wave of F1 drivers went to the speedway in the 1960s, and the
revolution that was started by the
F1 team changed the face of the 500 as well, with
world drivers' champion
qualifying his Cooper in 13th for the
race. The Cooper used a smaller (2.7 liter) and less powerful
engine compared to the 4.4 liter Offy engines used by the other 32 cars and was slower on the straights, but many took note of the British car's superior handling through the turns. Brabham qualified 17th and after running as high as third, would ultimately finish ninth after completing all 200 laps. Despite this, many doubters claimed the rear-engine cars were for drivers who liked to be pushed around, though as Brabham said "It started the rear-engined revolution at Indy".
, who had won his first 500 in 1961, won the , which was the last ever win for a front-engine car, and since 's win driving the rear-engine
in , every winner has driven a rear-engine car.
won the following year in his first attempt, eventually becoming the only driver to date to achieve auto racing's "" of winning the , Indianapolis 500, and . There were enough Americans to compete with them, with A.J. Foyt, , and the Unser brothers
leading the charge in the 1960s and 1970s, of whom Foyt and Al Unser would eventually become, respectively, the first two of three drivers, to date, to win four times each, while Bobby Unser won the race three times, with Andretti only ever winning the race once, in . Andretti would go on to race in F1 and win the world championship in
with , who had been the first rear-engine winners at Indy, with Clark, in 1965.
From 1970 to 1981, Indianapolis had a twin in the city of , by the name of the . This track was known as the "Indianapolis of the West" and the home of the California 500, but was a financial failure due to poor management and not holding enough races on the racetrack.
In the 1977 Indy 500,
made history when she became the first female driver to qualify for the race. Guthrie started the race from 18th position but retired with timing gear failure after 27 laps. She was eventually classified 29th. Nineteen-seventy seven also saw A.J. Foyt make history when he became the first driver to win the race four times.
Nineteen-seventy nine saw the second exception to the 1934 33-driver field rule. By the late 1970s there arose some resistance from certain car owners and drivers as to the direction being taken by , the auto racing sanctioning body that among other things, governed the Indianapolis 500 event. Some of the dissident teams formed their own racing body,
(). USAC responded by barring six of the most famous teams in the sport from qualification (including Roger Penske and Dan Gurney), for "undermining the well-being of USAC". The ruling would sideline former Indy winners Bobby Unser, Al Unser Sr., Gordon Johncock, and Johnny Rutherford. After a court injunction in favor of CART, and a controversy where exhaust pipe rules were clarified after qualifications began and certain teams with an altered exhaust pipe were "locked into" the field, USAC held an additional qualification round on the day before the race, announcing that any driver who could post a faster speed than the slowest qualifier (Roger McCluskey) would be allowed to start the race. Bill Vukovich and George Snider were added to the lineup, bringing the field to 35. A crisis was averted for the moment, but USAC's handling of both issues was seen as bungling by some people, and as outright manipulation by others, and that year spelled the beginning of the end for USAC's governance of the Indy Car series.
The 1980s brought a new generation of speedsters, led by four-time race winner
who also broke the 220 mph (355 km/h) speed mark in qualifying () and won six pole positions. Other stars of the decade included , , and F1 veteran . The 1989 race came down to a final ten-lap, thrilling duel between Fittipaldi and , culminating in Unser crashing in the third turn of the 199th lap after making contact with Fittpaldi's right front tire.
The early 1990s witnessed
winning in what was then the , with an average speed of 185.981 mph (299.307 km/h). That record was not eclipsed for almost a quarter of a century, until Tony Kanaan won the
race with an average speed of over 187 mph (301 km/h). Rick Mears became the third four-time winner after a late-race duel with
in , and in , Al Unser, Jr. eked out a hard-fought victory by defeating last-place-starting driver
by 0.043 of a second, a margin that is still the closest finish in race history. The 500 got a new look in 1996 when it became an
event, formed as a rival to CART.
There was another qualifying controversy in 1997, arising over the IRL's "25/8 rule" which locked the previous year's top-25 overall points finishers into the Indianapolis race, regardless of their qualifying speed, leaving only eight spots open for entries to qualify on speed alone. The rule effectively guaranteed that IRL cars would get precedence over CART cars in the qualifying for the Indy 500. Two CART drivers who posted qualifying speeds fast enough to make the race were bumped to make room for slower IRL cars with more 1996 racing points. USAC complained to the IRL that the field would not include the 33 fastest cars. It was decided to add the two cars, driven by Johnny Unser and Lyn St. James, back into the field, once again bringing the number of starters to 35. This marked the last time the 500's starting field has been larger than 33 drivers.
From 1919 to 1993, the 500 was the only race run at the Brickyard. When
(Hulman's grandson) inherited the track, he brought more racing to the speedway, with
in 1994 (the , known from 2005 to 2009 as the ), and an
(IROC) event in 1998.
Basic map of speedway
Starting in 2012, the Brickyard 400 was supported by both the NASCAR Xfinity Series and also the Grand-Am Rolex Series. From , an IROC event was held as a support race. Since 1982, nearby
has held a
event which, since the Brickyard 400 in 1994, has been held the night prior to the IMS event. Since 1995, a
race has also been held at IRP.
The early 2000s saw drivers from the rival
series begin to cross over to compete at the Indianapolis 500. In the , multiple CART champion team
brought their drivers
to Indianapolis. Montoya qualified second, led 167 laps and won the race convincingly, becoming the seventh Indy 500 rookie to win the race. The ,
made its return to the Indianapolis 500 after a five-year absence and was joined by Ganassi,
and , driving for
in a separate effort headed by Kim Green, known as "Team Motorola". For the second straight year, an Indy rookie won the race as
took the checkered flag. Roger Penske then elected to move his entire operation over to the IRL beginning in 2002, taking Castroneves and teammate
with him. After fielding one car in 2002, Ganassi Racing followed Penske to the IRL full-time for the 2003 season. , who had left his long-time ride at
because he wanted to run the Indianapolis 500 again (something they were not willing to do), bought a majority interest in CART's Team Green, which returned to Indianapolis in 2002 with ,
and , and moved it to the IRL that same year as , and in 2004 former CART champion 's operation moved to the IRL as . Castroneves repeated his Indianapolis 500 win in 2002 despite controversial circumstances involving a late race caution and a pass made by Tracy, and his teammate de Ferran won in 2003.
Indianapolis Motor Speedway President Doug Boles at the 2015 Indianapolis 500.
In 2003, the
Series, a minor league series to the , made history with the first May race at the track since 1910, other than the 500. The , first held during the final qualifying weekend, has been moved to "carburetion day" on the Friday before the 500. From , the
Series became the first racing series since 1916 to run at the race course twice in one year. The first event being the Freedom 100, held on the oval track as part of the Indianapolis 500 weekend, and the second event, the , during the United States Grand Prix weekend, competing on the Grand Prix road course.
became the first American driver since 1998 to win the race in the rain-shortened . At the time, Rice drove for the team co-owned by
and the Indiana native television talk show host and comedian . In 2005,
became the first female driver to lead the race at Indianapolis, after acquiring it for a lap near the 125-mile (200 km) mark while cycling through pit stops.
would go on to win the .
became the first driver to ever overtake for the lead on the race's final lap, ultimately winning the
in the last 450 feet (140 m) by a 0.0635-second margin over rookie .
became the first native of
since 's victory in 1965 to win, in the rain-shortened .
In mid February, 2008, Champ Car filed for bankruptcy. In late February, an agreement was reached for Champ Car to be merged with the IRL, and the first IRL
season since the unification took place in 2008. , driving for Chip Ganassi Racing, became the first native of
to win, in the .
In the 100th anniversary year of the construction of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, Hélio Castroneves became the sixth three-time winner of the 500 in the . Danica Patrick also had her best finish ever (third place) in the race, also the best finish ever by a woman in the history of the Indianapolis 500.
Formula One Grand Prix layout
was the first event at IMS to be held clockwise.
In 1998, Tony George arranged for
to return to the US for the first time since 1991. Two years of renovation and new construction for an
led to the first
there in , a race which was a success. The 2001 event's success (185,000 fans were reported in attendance) was even more important with the race, originally held in September, being the largest international sporting event held in the United States after the .
Cars wind through the infield section at the start of the 2003 United States Grand Prix.
The Grand Prix road course, unlike the oval, is raced in a clockwise direction. This follows the general practice of Formula One, in which the vast majority of circuits at the time ran clockwise (at the time, only
ran anti-clockwise).
The short history of the event is littered with controversies. The
was marred by a bizarre ending, in which , having already clinched the championship, seemingly tried to stage a dead heat with team-mate . The official timings showed Barrichello ahead by 0.011 seconds at the line, leading fans and media to dub the event a farce. The 2002 race was also the first ever Formula One race to use .
turned out to be one of the most controversial races in motorsport history. New rules meant cars had to use the same tires throughout the event. A crash during practice on the banked corner (the only banked corner on the F1 calendar) led to Michelin realizing their tires were ill-equipped for the banking, and could complete no more than a fraction of the race before failing. The Michelin teams were unable to find a solution, and while debates raged until the second, the Michelin teams pulled into the pits at the end of the parade lap, leaving only the three Bridgestone teams to contest the race. As two of these teams were backmarkers under normal circumstances, this led to Ferrari winning the race, accepting the trophies from a presentation party hastily assembled after speedway boss
refused to take part.
The perceived outrage of this event put the future of Formula One at Indianapolis in doubt. However, the following year's event was held on July 2, 2006, on the American
weekend, with American
driving for the new
team. Speed had become the first American in Formula One since
in . In this race, Speed became the first American to compete in a United States Grand Prix since
During the , Formula One boss
said that it did not matter to him whether or not there was a
in , but also said he would be happy to discuss a new contract for the race. There was also a rumor going around that in future seasons, there would be two
held in the United States. Even with Ecclestone's statements, the
was confirmed on October 31, 2006, following an extension of the race contract into 2007.
On July 12, 2007, it was announced that Formula One would not return to the IMS for , although a continuation of USGP at the IMS has not been completely ruled out for the future. Tony George stated difficulties in meeting the demands of Ecclestone to continue to host the event. George and Ecclestone were in talks to revive the race for , but no deal was made for a future race in Indianapolis. In a statement on April 10, 2008, Indianapolis chairman
said that the "door is open" for Formula One to return to the circuit. However, on May 25, 2010, it was announced that Formula One would return to the United States in
On September 26, 2013, IndyCar officials announced that the road course would host an IndyCar race in
on the opening weekend of the Indianapolis 500. The race, known as the , was held on May 10 on a modified version of the road course. The track's length was changed to 2.439 miles (3.925 km).
Moto GP Grand Prix layout
On July 16, 2007, the speedway announced that it would host a round of
beginning in 2008. The race was held for the first time on September 14, 2008, backed by
and known as the "". This marked the first motorcycle racing event at the facility since its first month of operation, in August 1909.
Modifications approved by the
were made to the former Formula One circuit, bringing the new track to a total of 16 turns. The motorcycle course runs anti-clockwise, in the same direction as the oval events at the speedway, and completely bypass the banking of the oval with a new infield section inside turn one ("Snake Pit Complex"). Also, the double-hairpin at the Hulman Straight was replaced with traditional esses. This construction was completed before the opening day of the
in May, 2008. The layout can be run clockwise (for car use, with or without the Snake Pit Complex) or anti-clockwise (for motorcycle use, with the Snake Pit Complex).
The first Moto GP event was heavily affected by the arrival of the remnants of . On race day, the weather was overcast and cold, with a 100% chance of rain during the event. The 125cc class started on a dry track, and went on until rain began to fall with seven laps to go. Since two-thirds of the scheduled distance had been run, the race was declared over and full points were given. Rain intensity then led the organizers to postpone the 250cc race until after the MotoGP race, hoping the winds and rain would stop. The MotoGP race was started at the scheduled time, with a very wet track but little rain. It ran until the 21st lap, when strong winds again began to blow. Fearing for the safety of the riders, the stewards red-flagged the race, which was declared completed, and full world championship points were given. The winds did not stop after the race, and safety concerns ultimately led to the cancellation of the 250cc race.
is held in late July, with events building up to the annual
. Races on the combined road course include
races taking place on the oval include the
on Saturday and the
on Sunday.
Main article:
On October 1, 2013, details of the Grand Prix of Indianapolis, an additional race for the 2014 IndyCar season and beyond, were announced. The inaugural event was scheduled for May 8–10, 2014 on the newly reconfigured 2.439-mile (3.925 km), 14-turn Indianapolis Motor Speedway road course (a chicane replaces the long curve in turns five through seven) and the Snake Pit section is included. Spectator mounds were modified, along with special grandstand seating arrangements. This IndyCar road race began the month of May, with practice for the 2014 Indy 500 starting the day after the race. It was televised live by ABC TV.
This logo was used to commemorate the track's centennial celebration from , drawing on elements from , and 1961.
Since 1977, the city of
has hosted a , which includes one lap around the speedway. Known as the "", it usually starts the official events that occur prior to the Indy 500.
From 1960 to 1968, the Speedway Golf Course, originally built in 1929, hosted a
event, the , in conjunction with Indy 500 race week. In 1968, it also held an
event. From 1991 to 1993, the course was demolished and changed from a 27-hole layout (18 holes outside, nine in the infield) to an 18-hole championship course designed by legendary golf architect . The new course, renamed the "Brickyard Crossing Golf Resort" features 14 holes outside, and four holes in the infield, along with an infield lake. A
event, the , was hosted there from 1994 to 1999.
At the , the speedway hosted the opening ceremonies and the speed
competition.
During the three-year centennial era, announced on May 23, 2008, special festivities which included a balloon festival to commemorate the first event, was held at two of the major races at the speedway, the Indianapolis 500, and the Brickyard 400. In February 2012, the facility was used to host events during the week of , which was held in Indianapolis.
Since 2009, the speedway has hosted
racing on an infield oval, called the "Battle at the Brickyard".
Average speed
2.5 miles (4.0 km)
May 10, 1996
0:00:37.616
239.260 mph (385.052 km/h)
Qualifying
2.5 miles (4.0 km)
May 12, 1996
Arie Luyendyk
0:00:37.895
237.498 mph (382.216 km/h)
Qualifying
10 miles (16 km)
May 12, 1996
Arie Luyendyk
0:02:31.908
236.986 mph (381.392 km/h)
2.5 miles (4.0 km)
May 26, 1996
0:00:38.119
236.103 mph (379.971 km/h)
500 miles (800 km)
May 26, 2013
2:40:03.4181
187.433 mph (301.644 km/h)
Average speed
Qualifying
2.5 miles (4.0 km)
July 26, 2014
0:00:47.647
188.889 mph (303.987 km/h)
2.5 miles (4.0 km)
August 7, 2005
0:00:50.099
179.641 mph (289.104 km/h)
(160 laps) *
400 miles (640 km)*
August 5, 2000
2:33:55.979
155.912 mph (250.916 km/h)
* The 2004 race distance was extended by one lap, to 402.5 miles (647.8 km),
due to NASCAR's
Average speed
2.605 miles (4.192 km)
0:01:09.454
135.025 mph (217.302 km/h)
Qualifying
2.605 miles (4.192 km)
June 19, 2004
Rubens Barrichello
0:01:10.223
133.546 mph (214.921 km/h)
2.605 miles (4.192 km)
June 20, 2004
Rubens Barrichello
0:01:10.399
133.207 mph (214.376 km/h)
190.165 miles (306.041 km)
1:29:43.181
127.173 mph (204.665 km/h)
* All-time track record, IMS original () road course
Average speed
2.621 miles (4.218 km)
0:01:39.783
94.561 mph (152.181 km/h)
Qualifying*
2.621 miles (4.218 km)
August 18, 2012
Dani Pedrosa
0:01:38.813
95.489 mph (153.675 km/h)
2.621 miles (4.218 km)
August 19, 2012
Dani Pedrosa
0:01:39.088
95.214 mph (153.232 km/h)
73.388 miles (118.107 km)
August 19, 2012
Dani Pedrosa
0:46:39.631
94.368 mph (151.871 km/h)
* All-time track record, IMS reconfigured (2008) road course
Average speed
2.439 miles (3.925 km)
0:01:10.4654
124.606 mph (200.534 km/h)
Qualifying
2.439 miles (3.925 km)
May 09, 2014
0:01:23.8822
104.675 mph (168.458 km/h)
2.439 miles (3.925 km)
May 10, 2014
Scott Dixon
0:01:10.4062
124.711 mph (200.703 km/h)
190.165 miles (306.041 km)
2:04:24.0261
127.173 mph (204.665 km/h)
* All-time track record, IMS reconfigured (2014) road course
Further information:
Long straightaways
0.625 miles (1.006 km)
50 feet (15 m)
Short straightaways
0.125 miles (0.201 km)
50 feet (15 m)
0.250 miles (0.402 km)
60 feet (18 m)
Total/average
2.5 miles (4.0 km)
54 feet (16 m)
– historian of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway
– former IMS Director of Photography from 1977 until 2011
. National Register of Historic Places. . .
. National Historic Landmarks Program. National Park Service.
Charleton, James H. (October 1985).
(PDF). National Park Service. and
. World Stadiums 2010.
. . May 14, 2010.
. indianapolismotorspeedway 2010.
. . March 26, 2013.
. . March 26, 2013.
Dill, M "A Forgotten C" 2006 Allstate 400 at the Brickyard Official P Indianapolis Motor S 2006.
Kettlewell, Mike. "Indianapolis: The Richest Race in the World", in Northey, Tom, ed. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 9, p.1014.
Kettlewell, p.1014.
Kettlewell, p.1015.
Kettlewell, Mike. "Indianapolis: The Richest Race in the World", in Northey, Tom, ed. World of Automobiles (London: Orbis, 1974), Volume 9, p.1015.
. Fox Sports. May 6, 2009.
. Indianapolismotorspeedway 2010.
Kallmann, Dave (September 29, 2001).
(NEWSBANK). Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (Wisconsin: Journal Sentinel Inc). p. 10 2010.
. BBC Sport. June 23, .
Miersma, Seyth (March 7, 2008). . Next Autos 2010.
. . April 10, .
. . September 26, .
DiZinno, Tony (October 1, 2013). .
. . July 17, .
. . September 15, .
The Games of August: Official Commemorative Book. Indianapolis: Showmasters. 1987.  .
. Brandweek. May 20, .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to .
 – Official website
race results at Racing-Reference
from Indianapolis, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
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