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MLB.com At Bat介绍
　　MLB.com At Bat是一款与美国职业棒球联盟官方网站MLB.com同步更新的一款比赛信息显示牌，你可以去查阅当天、前一天和后一天的比赛场地、时间、排名等信息。
价格：$0.00类别：体育更新：日当前版本：6.4.1大小：35.2 MB语言：英语开发商：Major League Baseball Advanced Media系统要求：需要 iOS 5.0 或更高版本。与 iPhone、iPad、iPod touch 兼容。 此 App 已针对 iPhone 5 进行优化。用户评价：当前版本共有3位用户评价，平均评分为4.5；共有10024位用户评价此应用，平均评分为3.5。
MLB.com At Bat更新内容
Version 6.4.1? Overall maintenance improvements
Version 6.4.0? iOS7 Compatible ? Complete Postseason information, viewable by series with scoreboards and series status. (iPhone, iPad)? Watch multiple camera angles live with Postseason.TV. Available exclusively for AL and NL Wild Card, AL and NL Division Series and NL Championship Series games. (iPhone, iPad)? Postseason Sortable Stats section (iPhone, iPad)? Postseason News Section (iPhone, iPad)? Updated News and Video Highlights navigation. All content now available through News tab for one-step access. (iPhone only)? Overall maintenance improvements
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提示：支持键盘“← →”键翻页转载，网球的故事（英文版，自主翻译）
Tennis is a
usually played
between two players ()
or between two teams of two players each ().
Each player uses a
that is strung to
strike a hollow rubber（空的橡皮球）
covered with
felt（毛毡）over a net into the opponent's .（对手的场地）
The modern game of tennis originated in the
the late 19th century as "lawn tennis"（草地网球，最古老的网球形式） which
has heavy connections to various field/lawn games as well as to the
ancient game of .
（室内网球）After its creation, tennis spread（传遍） throughout the
upper-class English-speaking population before spreading around the
Tennis is an
is played at all levels of society at all ages. The sport can be
played by anyone who can hold a racket, including people .
鹰眼技术的应用
The rules of tennis have not changed much since the 1890s. Two
exceptions（免责条款） are that from 1908 to 1960 the server had to keep
one foot on the ground at all times, and then the adoption（采用） of
the （加赛，抢七赛） in the 1970s. A recent addition to
professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review
technology coupled with a point challenge system（挑战系统，可以直接理解为鹰眼技术）,
which allows a player to challenge the line（司线）(or chair)
umpire's（裁判） call of a point. Players have unlimited opportunity to
challenge, but once three incorrect challenges are made in a set,
they cannot challenge again until the next set. If the set goes to
a tie-break（抢七）, players are given one additional opportunity to
challenge the call. This electronic review（电子回放）, currently called
（鹰眼）, is
available at a limited number of high-level ATP and WTA
tournaments.
Tennis is enjoyed by millions of recreational（娱乐，业余） players and
is also a hugely（非常） popular worldwide spectator sport（引人观看的比赛）,
especially the four
tournaments（大满贯） (also referred to as the "Majors"): the
played on hard courts, the
on red clay courts（红土）,
played on grass courts, and the
also on hard courts（硬地）
Most historians believe that tennis originated in
in the 12th
century, but the ball was then struck（停滞） with the palm of the
hand. It was not until the 16th century that
use, and the game began to be called "tennis." It was popular in
England and France, although the game was only played indoors where
the ball could be hit off the wall.
was a big fan of this game, which historians now refer
to as （硬地网球）.
developed a game that combined elements of
Basque ball game （回力球，有弹性的硬球）,
which they played on Perera's
Kingdom. In 1872, along with two local doctors, they founded the
world's first tennis club in .
In December 1873, Major
designed and patented a similar game — which
σφάίρίστική, from ancient Greek meaning "skill at playing at
ball"), and was soon known simply as "sticky（粘的）" — for the
amusement of his guests（客人） at a garden party on his estate（土地） of
Nantclwyd, in Llanelidan, Wales. He likely based his game on the
evolving（进化） sport of outdoor tennis including real tennis.
According to some tennis historians, modern tennis terminology also
derives from（由……起源） this period（时期）, as Wingfield borrowed both the
name and much of the French vocabulary of real tennis and applied
them to his new game.
The first championships at
in London were played in 1877. The first Championships
culminated（到达极点） a significant debate on how to standardize（使标准化）
the rules.
In America in 1874 , a young socialite, returned from Bermuda where she
met Major Wingfield. She laid out a tennis court at the
in New Brighton Staten Island, New York.
The exact location of the club was under what is now the Staten
Island Ferry terminal. The first American National tournament in
1880 was played there. An Englishman named O.E Woodhouse won the
singles match. There was also a doubles match which was won by a
local pair. There were different rules at each club. The ball in
Boston was larger than the one normally used in NY. On May 21,
1881, the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (now the
) was formed to standardize（标准化） the
rules and organize competitions. The U.S. National Men's Singles
Championship, now the , was
first held in 1881 at . The U.S. National Women's Singles Championships were
first held in 1887.Tennis was also popular in France, where the
1891. Thus, Wimbledon, the US Open, the French Open, and the
(dating to 1905) became and have remained the most
prestigious（有声望的） events in tennis. Together these four events are
called the Majors or Slams（大满贯赛事） (a term borrowed from
The comprehensive（综合的） rules （宣扬） in 1924 by the International Lawn
Tennis Federation（国际草地网球协会）, now known as the , have remained remarkably stable in the
ensuing eighty years, the one major change being the addition of
system（抢七赛） designed by .
That same year, tennis withdrew（撤退） from the Olympics after the
1924 Games but returned 60 years later as a 21-and-under
demonstration event in 1984. This reinstatement（复原） was credited by
the efforts by the then ITF President Philippe Chatrier, ITF
General Secretary David Gray and ITF Vice President Pablo Llorens,
and support from IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch. The success
of the event was overwhelming（势不可挡） and the IOC decided to
reintroduce（再提出） tennis as a full medal sport at Seoul in 1988.
戴维斯杯历史
The （戴维斯杯）, an
annual（每年的） competition between men's national teams, dates to
1900. The analogous（相似的） competition for women's national teams,
the （联合会杯）, was
founded as the Federation Cup in 1963 to celebrate the 50th
anniversary（周年纪念）of the founding of the ITF also known as
International Tennis Federation
巡回赛的历史
In 1926, promoter（赞助人） C.C. Pyle established（建立）
the first professional tennis tour（专业网球球巡回赛） with a group of
American and French tennis players playing exhibition matches to
paying audiences. The most notable of these early professionals
were the American
and the Frenchwoman .
Once a player turned pro he or she could not compete in the
major (amateur) tournaments.
In 1968, commercial pressures（商业压力） and rumors（传闻）
of some amateurs（业余爱好者） taking money under the table led to the
abandonment of this distinction, inaugurating（开创） the （开放网球时代）, in which all players could compete in all
tournaments, and top players were able to make their living from
tennis（职业网球选手）. With the beginning of the open era, the
establishment（机构） of an international professional tennis circuit,
and revenues（收益） from the sale of television rights, tennis's
popularity has spread worldwide, and the sport has shed（流出） its
upper/middle-class English-speaking image (although it is
acknowledged that this stereotype still exists).
名人堂的历史
In 1954, Van Alen founded the （网球名人堂）, a non-profit museum in Newport,
Rhode Island.
The building contains a large collection of tennis memorabilia as
well as a hall of fame honoring（尊敬） prominent（杰出的） members and
tennis players from all over the world. Each year, a
tournament and an induction ceremony honoring new Hall of Fame
members are hosted on its grounds.
Equipment（设备）
Part of the appeal of tennis stems from the
simplicity of equipment required for play. Beginners need only a
and balls.
Racquets（球拍）
The components（组成部分） of a tennis racquet are a
handle and neck joining a roughly（大致上） elliptical（椭圆形） frame that
holds a matrix of tightly pulled strings（拍线）. For the first 100
years of the modern game, racquets were of wood and of standard
size（标准尺寸）, and strings were of animal gut（肠）. Laminated（压成层状的）
wood construction yielded more strength in racquets used through
most of the 20th century until first metal and then composites（混合的）
of carbon graphite（石墨）, ceramics, and lighter（轻的） metals such as
titanium（钛） were introduced. These stronger materials enabled the
production of oversized rackets that yielded yet more power.
Meanwhile technology led to the use of synthetic（合成的） strings that
match the feel of gut yet with added
durability.（现代的球拍制造已经完全摆脱了过去的木制框架配以动物肠子做线的制法，才由碳纤维合金制成球拍，人造纤维为线，制造出更为轻便的新一代球拍）
Tennis balls are of hollow（空的） rubber with a felt
coating（毛毡包裹）. Traditionally white, the predominant（主导的） color was
gradually changed to Optic Yellow（鲜艳的黄色） in the latter part of the
20th century to allow for improved visibility（可见度）.
Miscellaneous
Advanced players improve their performance through
a number of accoutrements（装备）. Vibration
dampers（减震器，一般看不见可以仔细观察一下球拍） may be interlaced（交织的） in the proximal
part of the string array for improved feel. Racket handles may be
customized（定制的） with absorbent（吸收剂） materials to improve the
players' grip（紧握）. Players often use sweat
bands（吸汗带，若是有选手在比赛中获胜，一般选手会把护腕或者是额头上的汗带抛向天空，这时候你要是有幸接到了，别撒手，那就是你的，接到球王的汗带对于球迷来说真是幸事一件，可是汗带总是湿漉漉的，记得洗啊！）
on their wrists（腕关节） to keep their hands dry as well. Finally,
although the game can be played in a variety of shoes, specialized
tennis shoes（专业网球鞋，对于不同的场地有不同的网球鞋） have wide, flat soles for
stability（稳定） and a built-up front structure to avoid excess
wear（过度磨损）.
网球场制式
Tennis is played on a rectangular, flat
surface（平整地面）, usually , , a
of concrete（混凝土） and/or asphalt（沥青） and occasionally
carpet (indoor). The court is 78
long, and 27&feet (8.23&m) wide
for singles matches and 36&ft
(10.97&m) for doubles matches. Additional clear
space around the court is required in order for players to reach
overrun balls（出界球）. A net is stretched across the full width of the
court, parallel（比较） with the baselines（底线）, dividing it into two
equal ends. The net is 3&feet
6&inches (1.07&m) high at the
posts and 3&feet (91.4&cm) high
in the center.
The modern tennis court owes（亏欠） its design to
who, in 1873, patented a court（专利法庭） much the
same as the current（通用的）one for his
(sphairistike). This template（模版） was modified（改良） in 1875 to the
court design that exists today, with markings similar to
Wingfield's version（说法）, but with the
his court changed to a rectangle.
Lines（拍线）
The lines that delineate the width of the court are
called the baseline（底线） (farthest back) and the service
line（发球线，由一发净胜区的那一条线，T点所在的线） (middle of the court). The short
mark in the center of each baseline is referred to as either the
hash mark（斜条纹） or the center mark. The outermost lines that make up
the length are called the
（双边线）. These are the boundaries used when doubles
is being played. The lines to the inside of the doubles sidelines
are the singles sidelines and are used as boundaries in singles
play. The area between a doubles sideline and the nearest singles
sideline is called the doubles alley（双打发球区）, which is considered
playable in doubles play. The line that runs across the center of a
player's side of the court is called the service line because the
serve must be delivered into the area between the service line and
the net on the receiving side. Despite its name, this is not where
a player legally stands when making a serve. The line dividing the
service line in two is called the center line or center service
line. The boxes this center line creates are called the service
depending on a player's position, he or she will have to hit
the ball into one of these when serving. A ball is out only if none
of it has hit the line or the area inside the lines upon its first
bounce（一发，一般在网球比赛中一发比较注重与攻击性，讲求一发致命，这就有传说中的ace球，而发球比较求稳，选手一般更加关注与发球进区，当然也有拼二发的情况存在，二发球相对薄弱，如果连续而发可能被对手找到机会破发）.
All the lines are required to be between 1 and
2&inches (51 mm) in width. The baseline can be up
to 4&inches (100 mm) wide if so
desired（网球的所谓出界和其他球类不同，只要有百份之一的球在线上这个球就算是in，为了保证这一规则的实施所有的边线上不仅有经验丰富的司线还同时装有传感设备以应对选手的的挑战）
Play of a single point
Main article:
The players (or teams) start on opposite sides of
the net. One player is designated the server, and the
opposing player is the receiver. Service alternates game by
game between the two players (or teams.) For each point, the server
starts behind his baseline, between the center mark and the
sideline. The receiver may start anywhere on their side of the net.
When the receiver is ready, the server will , although
the receiver must play to the pace of the server.
In a legal service, the ball travels past the net
(without touching it) and into the diagonally opposite service box.
If the ball hits the net but lands in the service box, this is a
let or net service, which is void, and the server
gets to retake that serve. The player can serve any number of let
services in a point and they are always treated as voids and not as
faults. A fault is a serve that falls long or wide of the service
box, or does not clear the net. There is also a "foot fault", which
occurs when a player's foot touches the baseline or an extension of
the center mark before the ball is hit. If the second service is
also a fault, the server double faults, and the receiver
wins the point. However, if the serve is in, it is considered a
legal service.
A legal service starts a rally, in which the
players alternate hitting the ball across the net. A legal return
consists of the player or team hitting the ball before it has
bounced twice or hit any fixtures except the net, provided that it
still falls in the server's court. A player or team cannot hit the
ball twice in a row. The ball must travel past the net and bounce
in the other players court. A ball that hits the net during a rally
is still considered a legal return. The first player or team to
fail to make a legal return loses the point.
Scoring（得分）
is determined through the best of 3 or 5 sets.（盘） Typically
for both men's and women's matches, the first player to win two
sets wins the match. At certain important tennis tournaments for
men, including all four
tournaments, Davis Cup and the final of the , the
first player to win three sets wins the match. A set consists of
games, and games, in turn, consist of points.
consists of a sequence of
with the same player serving. A game is won by the first player to
have won at least four points in total and at least two points more
than the opponent. The running score of each game is described in a
manner peculiar（独特的） to tennis: scores from zero to three points
are described as "love", "fifteen", "thirty",
and "forty" respectively. (See the main article
the origin of these words as used in tennis.) If at least three
points have been scored by each player, and the scores are equal,
the score is "deuce". If at least three points have been
scored by each side and a player has one more point than his
opponent, the score of the game is "advantage" for the
player in the lead. During informal games, "advantage" can also be
called "ad in" or "ad out", depending on whether the serving player
or receiving player is ahead, respectively.
In tournament play, the chair umpire（主裁） calls the
point count (e.g., "fifteen-love") after each point. The
score of a tennis match during play is always read with the serving
player's score first. After a match, the score is always read with
the winning player's score first. At the end of a game, the chair
umpire also announces the winner of the game and the overall
A game point（赛末点） occurs in tennis whenever
the player who is in the lead in the game needs only one more point
to win the game. The terminology is extended to sets (set point),
matches (match point), and even championships (championship point).
For example, if the player who is serving has a score of 40-love,
the player has a triple game point (triple set point, etc.) as the
player has three consecutive chances to win the game. Game points,
set points, and match points are not part of official scoring and
are not announced by the chair umpire in tournament play.
A break point
（破发点，网球比赛中仅次于赛末点的最关键一份，众所周知，网球比赛一定要有破发，即使是抢七机制的引进大满贯赛的最后一盘依然为长盘决胜，即没有破发就没有胜利，对于男子单打比赛，由于个人能力的提升，那怕是一次破发也可能是致命的，在选手面临破发点时的把握能力也是衡量一个选手技术水平的重要依据，其实破发点，玩的就是心跳）occurs
if the receiver, not the , has a
chance to win the game in the next rally. Break points are of
particular importance because
generally advantageous. A receiver who has two (score of 15-40) or
three (score of love-40) consecutive chances to win the game has
double break point or triple break point,
respectively. If the receiver does, in fact, win their break point,
the receiver is said to have converted their break point,
but if the receiver fails to win their break point it is called a
failure to convert.
consists of a sequence of games played with service alternating
between games, ending when the count of games won meets certain
criteria. Typically, a player wins a set by winning at least six
games and at least two games more than the opponent. If one player
has won six games and the opponent five, an additional game is
played. If the leading player wins that game, the player wins the
set 7&5. If the trailing player wins the game, a
is played. A tie-break, played under a
separate set of rules, allows one player to win one more game and
thus the set, to give a final set score of 7&6. Only in the final
sets of matches at the ,
the Olympic Games, , and
are tie-breaks not played. In these cases, sets are played
indefinitely until one player has a two-game lead. A "love" set
means that the loser of the set won zero games. In tournament play,
the chair umpire announces the winner of the set and the overall
In tournament play, the chair umpire announces the
end of the match with the well-known phrase "Game, set,
match" followed by the winning person's or team's name.
Rule variations（规则变化）
Variations
Description
The first player or doubles team to win four points
wins the game, regardless of whether the player or team is ahead by
two points. When the game score reaches three points each, the
receiver chooses which side of the court (advantage court or deuce
court) the service is to be delivered on the seventh and
game-deciding point.
Instead of playing multiple sets, players may play
one "pro set". A pro set is first to 8 (or 10) games by a margin of
two games, instead of first to 6 games. A 12-point tie-break is
usually played when the score is 8-8 (or 10-10). These are often
played with no-ad scoring.
Match tiebreak
This is sometimes played instead of a third set.
This is played like a regular tiebreak, but the winner must win ten
points instead of seven. Match tiebreaks are used in the
for mixed doubles, on the
tours for doubles and as a player's choice in USTA league play.
Another, however informal, tennis format is called
. This involves three players, with one person playing a
doubles team. The single player gets to utilize the alleys normally
reserved only for a doubles team. Conversely, the doubles team does
not use the alleys when executing a shot. The scoring is the same
as a regular game. This format is not sanctioned by any official
"Australian doubles", another informal and
unsanctioned form of tennis, is played with similar rules to the
"Canuk" style, only in this version, players rotate court position
after each game. As such, each player plays doubles and singles
over the course of a match, with the singles player always serving.
Scoring styles vary, but one popular method is to assign a value of
2 points to each game, with the server taking both points if he or
she holds serve and the doubles team each taking one if they break
can be played by able-bodied players as well as people
who require a wheelchair for mobility. An extra bounce is
permitted. This rule makes it possible to have mixed wheelchair and
able-bodied matches. It is possible for a doubles team to consist
of a wheelchair player and an able-bodied player (referred to as
"one-up, one-down"), or for a wheelchair player to play against an
able-bodied player. In such cases, the extra bounce is permitted
for the wheelchair users only.
Surface（场地）
There are four types of court surface used in
professional play.（专业赛，职业赛） Each surface is different in the speed
and height of the bounce of the ball. The same surface plays faster
indoors（室内） than outdoors.（室外）
Description
（土地，泥地）
Examples are red clay（红土） (used at the
other tournaments, especially in Europe and Latin America) and
green clay (an example of which is
and used mainly
in the U.S.). Clay courts normally have a slower paced ball and a
fairly true bounce with more spin（旋转）.
Examples are acrylic（聚丙烯塑料） (e.g.
used at the
asphalt（沥青）, and concrete（混凝土）. Hard courts typically（典型的） have a
faster-paced ball（快速球） with a very true bounce.
Grass courts usually have the fastest-paced ball, and a more
erratic bounce（不规则弹跳）. Wimbledon has slowed its courts over the
Carpet（地毯）
Any form of removable（可移动的） court covering,
including carpeting and （人造草皮）. The bounce can be higher or lower than a hard
Officials（相关机构）
In most professional play and some amateur
competition, there is an officiating head judge or chair umpire
(usually referred to as the umpire), who sits in a raised chair to
one side of the court. The umpire has absolute authority to make
factual determinations. The umpire may be assisted by line judges,
who determine whether the ball has landed within the required part
of the court and who also call foot faults. There also may be a net
judge who determines whether the ball has touched the net during
service. In some tournaments, certain line judges, usually those
who would be calling the serve, are replaced by electronic sensors
that beep when an out call would have been made. In some
tournaments, electric line calls aren't made, but rather are used
to assist the lines people. When a ball lands in a spot where the
linesperson isn't sure if the ball was in or out, a noise is made
that only lines people can hear (because they are wearing
headsets), and helps them to make the call. In some open-tournament
matches, players are allowed to challenge a limited number of close
calls by means of . The , the
in , the , and
started using a "challenge" system in 2006 and the
introduced the system in 2007. This used the
and the rules were similar to those used in the ,
where a player gets a limited number of opportunities to challenge
per match/set. More recently, a player may use unlimited challenges
in a set, provided that he or she is not incorrect more than three
times. In clay-court matches, such as at the , a
call may be questioned by reference to the mark left by the ball's
impact on the court surface.
The referee, who is usually located off the court,
is the final authority about tennis rules. When called to the court
by a player or team captain, the referee may overrule the umpire's
decision if the tennis rules were violated (question of law) but
may not change the umpire's decision on a question of fact. If,
however, the referee is on the court during play, the referee may
overrule the umpire's decision.
be employed to retrieve balls, pass them to the players, and hand
players their towels. They have no
In rare events (e.g., if they are hurt or if they have caused a
hindrance), the umpire may ask them for a statement of what
actually happened. The umpire may consider their statements when
making a decision. In some leagues, especially junior leagues,
players make their own calls, trusting each other to be honest.
This is the case for many school and university level matches. The
referee or referee's assistant, however, can be called on court at
a player's request, and the referee or assistant may change a
player's call. In unofficiated matches, a ball is out only if the
player entitled to make the call is sure that the ball is out.
Junior tennis（少年网球）
In tennis, a junior is a player 18 and under who is
still legally protected by a parent or guardian（监护人）. Players on
the main adult tour who are under 18 must have documents signed by
a parent or guardian. These players, however, are still
eligible（有资格的） to play in junior tournaments.
(ITF) conducts a junior tour
that allows juniors to establish（建立） a world ranking and an
(WTA) ranking（等级）. Most juniors who enter
the international circuit（职业圈） do so by progressing（前进） through
ITF, Satellite（卫星赛，青年网球赛事）, Future（明日之星赛）, and Challenger
tournaments（挑战者赛） before entering the main circuit. The latter
three circuits also have adults competing in them. Some juniors,
however, such as Australian
and Frenchman ,
have catapulted directly from the junior tour to the ATP tour by
dominating（有统治力的） the junior scene or by taking advantage of
opportunities given to them to participate in professional
tournaments.
In 2004, the ITF implemented（贯彻） a new rankings
scheme（方案） to encourage greater participation in doubles, by
combining two rankings (singles and doubles) into one combined
tally. Junior tournaments do not offer
for the （大满贯赛）, which are the most prestigious（有声望的） junior
events. Juniors may earn income from tennis by participating（参加） in
the Future, Satellite, or Challenger tours. Tournaments are broken
up into different tiers（梯队） offering different amounts of ranking
points, culminating with Grade A.
Leading juniors are allowed to participate for
their nation in the
competitions as well. To succeed in
tennis often means having to begin playing at a young age. To
facilitate and nurture a junior's growth in tennis, almost all
tennis playing nations have developed a junior development system.
Juniors develop their play through a range of tournaments on all
surfaces, accommodating（适应性的） all different s（标准） of play. Talented juniors（天才少年） may
also receive sponsorships from governing bodies or private
institutions
Match play（比赛）
A tennis match is intended to be continuous. Because stamina（体力）
is a relevant（有关的） factor, arbitrary（故意的） delays are not permitted.
In most cases, service is required to occur no more than 30 seconds
after the end of the previous point. This is increased to 2 minutes
when the players change ends (after every odd-numbered game), and a
2 minute break（休息） is permitted between sets. Other than this,
breaks are permitted only when forced by events beyond the players'
control, such as rain, damaged footwear（红土场地）, damaged
racquet（球拍，一般不存在的问题，选手一般会带数个球拍，除了如马拉特萨芬一般的摔拍狂）, or the need to
retrieve an errant ball（现代的网球赛若是有网球飞出场外，可以由捡到的人带走）. Should a player
be determined to be stalling repeatedly, the chair umpire（主裁） may
initially give a warning followed by subsequent（随后的） penalties of
"point", "game", and default of the match for the player who is
consistently taking longer than the allowed time limit.
In the event of a rain delay, darkness or other external
conditions halting play, the match is resumed at a later time, with
the same score as at the time of the delay, and the players at the
same end of the court when rain halted play, or at the same
position (north or south) if play is resumed on a different
Balls wear out（用坏，一般为没气） quickly in serious play and, therefore,
tournaments, they are changed after every nine games with the first
change occurring after only seven games, because the first set of
balls is also used for the pre-match warm-up. As a courtesy（有礼的） to
the receiver, the server will often signal to the receiver before
the first serve of the game in which new balls are used as a
reminder that they are using new balls. However, in
tournaments like , the balls are
changed in a 9-11 style. Continuity of the balls' condition is
considered part of the game, so if a re-warm-up is required after
an extended break in play (usually due to rain), then the
re-warm-up is done using a separate set of balls, and use of the
match balls is resumed only when play resumes.
A recent proposed（被提议） rules change is to allow coaching on
court during a match on a limited basis. This has been instituted
in women's tennis for
events from
2009 onwards（向前）
Shots（得分）
A competent tennis player has eight basic shots in
his or her repertoire: the serve, forehand, backhand, volley,
half-volley, overhead , drop shot, and lob.
A serve (or, more formally, a "service") in tennis
is a shot to start a point. The serve is initiated by tossing the
ball into the air and hitting it (usually near the apex of its
trajectory) into the diagonally opposite service box without
touching the net. The serve may be hit under- or overhand. If the
ball hits the net on the first serve and bounces over into the
correct diagonal box then it is called a "let" and the server gets
two more additional serves to get it in. If the server misses his
or her first serve and gets a let on the second serve, then they
get one more try to get the serve in the box.
Experienced players strive to master the
conventional overhand serve to maximize its power and placement.
The server may employ different types of serve including flat
serve, topspin serve, slice serve, and kick (American twist) serve.
A reverse type of spin serve is hit in a manner that spins the ball
opposite the natural spin of the server, the spin direction
depending upon right- or left-handedness. If the ball is spinning
counterclockwise, it will curve right from the hitter's point of
view and curve left if spinning clockwise.
Some servers are content to use the serve simply to
however, advanced players often try to hit a
winning shot with their serve. A winning serve that is not touched
by the opponent is called an "ace".
Grips（握法，专业问题建议不想学习网球的人士略过）
Players use various grips during play, including
the continental (The "Handshake Grip"), eastern (Can be either
semi-eastern or full eastern. Usually used for backhands.), and
western (semi-western or full western, usually for forehand grips)
grips. Most players change grips during a match depending on what
shot they are hitting for example a slice shot（切球） and serve you
would have a continental grip.
Forehand（正手）
For a right-handed player, the forehand is a stroke
that begins on the right side of the body, continues across the
body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the left side of
the body. There are various
executing the forehand, and their popularity has fluctuated over
the years. The most important ones are the continental, the
eastern, the semi-western, and the western.
For a number of years, the small, apparently frail 1920s player
considered by many to have had the best forehand of all time, a
stroke that he hit shoulder-high using a western grip. Few
top players used the western grip after the 1920s, but in
the latter part of the 20th century, as shot-making techniques and
equipment changed radically, the western forehand made a
strong comeback and is now used by many modern players. No matter
which grip is used, most forehands are generally executed with one
hand holding the racquet, but there have been fine players with
two-handed forehands. In the 1940s and 50s, the Ecuadorian/American
a two-handed forehand to achieve a devastating effect against
larger, more powerful players. Currently, France's
uses a two-handed forehand. Some females such as
also use a two-handed forehand.
Backhand（反手）
For right-handed players, the backhand is a stroke
that begins on the left side of their body, continues across their
body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the right side
of their body. It can be executed with either one hand or with
both and is generally considered more difficult to master than the
forehand. For most of the 20th century, the backhand was
performed with one
hand（单反选手，即单手反拍击球，由于单手反拍的技术较难，变换较多，比较难以入手，现在渐渐那走向没落，现在较知名的单反选手有：罗杰费德勒，海宁（女），毛瑞斯莫（女），冈萨雷斯，柳比西奇等）,
using either an eastern or a continental grip. The
first notable players to use two hands were the 1930s Australians
they were lonely exceptions. The two-handed grip（双手反拍） gained
popularity in the 1970s as ,
to great effect, and it is now used by a large number of the
world's best players, including
Two hands give the player more control, while one hand can generate
a slice shot, applying backspin on the ball to produce a low
trajectory bounce. Reach is also limited with the two-handed shot.
The player long considered to have had the best backhand of all
time, , had a
powerful one-handed stroke in the 1930s and 1940s that imparted
topspin onto the ball. ,
another player noted for his one-handed backhand, used a very
accurate slice backhand through the 1950s and 1960s. A small number
of players, notably , use
two hands on both the backhand and forehand sides.
Other shots
made in the air before the ball bounces, generally near the net,
and is usually made with a stiff-wristed punching motion to hit the
ball into an open area of the opponent's court. The
is made by hitting the ball on the rise just after it has bounced,
once again generally in the vicinity of the net. The swinging
volley is hit out of the air as the player approaches the net.
It is an offensive shot used to take preparation time away from the
opponent. From a poor defensive position on the baseline, the
used as either an offensive or defensive weapon, hitting the ball
high and deep into the opponent's court to either enable the lobber
to get into better defensive position or to win the point outright
by hitting it over the opponent's head. If the lob is not hit
deeply enough into the other court, however, the opponent may then
hit an , a hard, serve-like shot, to try to end the point.
Finally, if an opponent is deep in his court, a player may suddenly
employ an unexpected ,
softly tapping the ball just over the net so that the opponent is
unable to run in fast enough to retrieve it.
Tournaments（巡回赛）
Tournaments are often organized by gender and
number of players. Common tournament configurations（包含有） include
men's singles, women's singles, and doubles, where two players play
on each side of the net. Tournaments may be arranged for specific
age groups, with upper（上限） age limits for youth and lower age
limits for senior players. Example of this including the （橘子碗赛，想见老费自传） and .
There are also tournaments for players with disabilities, such as
and deaf tennis. In the four
tournaments, the singles draws are limited to 128 people for each
gender（组别）.
Most large tournaments
players（种子选手）, but players may also be matched by their skill
level（技术等级）. According to how well a person does in sanctioned
play, a player is given a rating（等级） that is adjusted periodically
to maintain competitive matches. For example, the
administers the National Tennis
Rating Program (),
which rates players between 1.0 and 7.0 in 1/2 point
increments（增长）. Average club players under this system would rate
3.0-4.5 while world class players would be 7.0 on this scale.
Grand Slam tournaments（大满贯赛）
tournaments are considered to be the most prestigious（受尊敬的） tennis
tournaments in the world. They are held annually（一年一次） and include,
in chronological（年日次序） order, the ,
and the . Apart
from the ,
and , they are
the only tournaments regulated（管理） by the
(ITF). The ITF's national associations（协会）,
(Australian Open), the
(French Open), the
(US Open), and the （全英草地俱乐部） and
(Wimbledon), are delegated（代表） the responsibility
to organize these events.
Aside from the historical significance（意义） of these
events, they also carry larger prize funds（奖金） than any other tour
event and are worth double the number of ranking points（积分） to the
champion than in the next echelon of tournaments, the
(men) （大师赛）and Premier events (women). Another
distinguishing feature（特征） is the number of players in the singles
draw, 128, more than any other professional tennis tournament. This
draw is composed（由……组成） of 32 seeded players（种子选手）, other players
ranked in the world's top 100, qualifiers（合格者）, and players who
receive invitations through （外卡）. Grand Slam men's tournaments have best-of-five set
matches throughout. Grand Slam tournaments are among the small
number of events that last two weeks, the others being the
in . Currently（当前的）, the Grand Slam tournaments are the
only tour events that have
contests. Grand Slam tournaments are held in
conjunction（联合） with wheelchair tennis tournaments (with the
exception being Wimbledon, where the
prevents this) and
competitions. Grand Slam tournaments are often seen as the
culmination（顶点） of a particular season, such as the .
These tournaments also contain their own idiosyncrasies（气质）. For
example, players at Wimbledon are required to wear predominantly
white, a rule that has motivated certain players, such as （安德烈阿加西）, to skip the tournament. Wimbledon also has its
own particular methods for disseminating tickets, often leading
tennis fans to follow complex procedures to obtain tickets.
Grand Slam Tounaments
Tournament
January（一二月之间）
August&September
Masters 1000（大师赛）
is a group of nine tournaments that
form the second-highest echelon（等级） in men's tennis. Each event is
held annually, and a win at one of these events is currently worth
1000 ranking points. When the , led by , began running the men's tour in 1990, the directors（主管）
designated the top nine tournaments, outside of the
events, as "Super Nine" events. These eventually became the Tennis
Masters Series. In November at the end of the tennis year, the
world's top eight players compete in the , a tournament with a rotating locale. It is currently
On August 31, 2007 the ATP announced that major
changes will take place in 2009. The Masters Series（大师系列赛） will be
renamed to the “Masters 1000”, with the addition of the number 1000
referring to the number of ranking points（积分） earned by the winner
of each tournament. Contrary（违反） to earlier plans, the number of
tournaments will not be reduced from nine to eight and the
will remain part of the series although, unlike the
other events, it will not have a mandatory（义务的） player
commitment（有一些比赛强制选手参加，若不参加该赛事将扣除相应的积分）. The （汉堡大师赛，老费的福地） event will be downgraded（降级） to a 500
point event. The （马德里大师赛） will move to May and onto clay courts, and a
new tournament in （年终大师赛地点由上海改为巴黎）
will take over Madrid's former indoor October slot. In 2011 six of
the nine “1000” level tournaments will be combined ATP and
Current Masters 1000 tournaments (2009)
Start Month
Tournament Name
Actually in the adjacent suburb（近郊的） of .
Actually in the adjacent
commune of
Actually in the suburb of .
250 and 500 Series
The International Series for men is split into（分成）
two categories（类型）, both run by the :
and . Like the , these events offer various amounts of prize money, and
some regular International Series events offer larger prize monies
than 500 Series tournaments. The
offer the largest financial
incentive（金钱诱惑） to players, with total prize money of 1,426,000.
Challenger Tour and Futures
Tournaments（挑战者赛和明日之星赛）
for men is the lowest level of tournament administered by
It is composed of roughly 160 events and, as a result, features a
more diverse range of countries hosting events. The majority of
players use the Challenger Series to work their way up the
rankings, including World No. 1s ,
between winning Grand Slam tournaments, plummeted to World No. 141
and used Challenger Series events for match experience and to
progress back up the rankings. The Challenger Series offers prize
funds of between 25,000 and
US$150,000.
Below the Challenger Series are the , the main events on the . These tournaments also contribute towards a player's
points. Futures Tournaments offer prize funds of between US$10,000
and US$15,000; however, futures status is granted only to events
offering a total of US$30,000, meaning that two or three
tournaments are played. Approximately 400 Futures Tournaments are
played each year.
Premier events（总决赛之夜）
events for women form the most prestigious level of events on the
tournaments. These events offer the largest rewards in terms of
points and prize money. Within the Premier category are Premier
Mandatory, Premier 5, and Premier tournaments. The tiering system
in women's tennis was introduced in 1988. At the time of its
creation, only two tournaments, the
Berlin, comprised（包含） the
category. In 2009,
four tournaments are Premier Mandatory, five tournaments are
Premier 5, and ten tournaments are Premier.
Players（选手）
Professional tennis players enjoy the same relative
perks as most top sports personalities: clothing, equipment and
endorsements（顶级选手一般选用固定赞助商，例如衣着方面Big4除穆雷外签约耐克，穆签阿迪，网球拍方面专业选手的拍型相对固定，为厂商特别定制，市面上没有发售。）.
Like players of other individual sports such as golf, they are not
salaried, but must play and place highly in tournaments to obtain
Grand Slam tournament
winners（大满贯获胜者）
Players who have played at least part of their
careers during the （开放时代） and who
have won at least two singles titles at .
（罗杰费德勒，老费） (16)
（皮特桑普拉斯） (14)
（罗伊埃蒙斯）
（罗德拉沃尔，澳网球场以它命名） (11)
（比约博格）
（拉法纳达尔，现役世界第一）(9)
（安德烈阿加西，第一位金满贯获得者） (8)
&&&&&&&&&&
(24)（玛格丽特考特）
(22)（史蒂芬格拉夫，阿加西妻子，传奇伉俪）
(13)（小威）
(7)（贾斯汀海宁）
(7)（大威）
(3)（莎拉波娃）
Greatest male players（最伟大球员）
A frequent topic of discussion among tennis fans
and commentators is who was the greatest male singles player of all
time. By a large margin, an
poll in 1950 named
greatest player of the first half of the 20th century. From
, Tilden won singles titles at
three times and the
seven times. In 1938, however,
the first person to win all four
singles titles during the same calendar year and won six
consecutive Grand Slam singles titles in 1937 and 1938. Tilden
called Budge "the finest player 365 days a year that ever lived."
And in his 1979 autobiography,
that, based on consistent play, Budge was the greatest player ever.
Some observers, however, also felt that Kramer deserved
consideration for the title. Kramer was among the few who dominated
amateur and professional tennis during the late 1940s and early
said that of the players he saw before the start of the , Kramer was the best male champion. By the latter half of
the 1950s and 1960s, Budge and others had added
to the list of
contenders. Budge reportedly believed that Gonzales was the
greatest player ever. Gonzales said about Hoad, "When Lew's game
was at its peak nobody could touch him. &... I
think his game was the best game ever. Better than mine. He was
capable of making more shots than anybody. His two volleys were
great. His overhead was enormous. He had the most natural tennis
mind with the most natural tennis physique."
During the open era, first （罗德拉沃尔）
and then more recently
（比约博格）and （皮特桑普拉斯） were regarded by many of their
contemporaries（同时代的） as among the greatest ever. （安德烈阿加西）, the first of two male players in
history to have achieved a
in singles tennis
（男单金满贯，四大满贯冠军加奥运会男单金牌，纳达尔也在2010赛季做到）(followed by ), has
been called the best service returner in the history of the game.
He is the first man to win slams on all modern surfaces (previous
holders of all slams played in an era of grass and clay only), and
is regarded by a number of critics and fellow players to be among
the greatest players of all time. （罗杰费德勒，老费） is now considered by many
observers（观察者，包括退役球员和网球评论家） to have the most
"complete" game in modern tennis. He has won 16 grand slam
titles, the most for any male player. Many experts of tennis,
former tennis players and his own tennis peers（贵族） believe Federer
is the greatest player in the history of the game. Federer's
biggest rival（对手）
regarded as the greatest competitor in tennis history by former
players and is regarded to have the potential to be the greatest of
Greatest female players
Further information: ,
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